Minggu, 08 Juni 2014





2862.   Wake, H.; Umetsu, H.; Ozeki, Y.; Shimomura, K., and Matsunaga, T.  (1991).  Extracts of marine cyanobacteria stimulated somatic embryogenesis of Daucus carota L.  Plant Cell Rep.  9(12):655-658.  Keywords:  extracts/marine cyanobacteria/Daucus carota.
2863.   Walker, H. L.  (2003).  Microbial algicides:  potential for management of cyanobacteria that cause off-flavor in aquaculture.  In: A. M. Rimando and K. K. Schrader (eds.)  Off-Flavors in Aquaculture.  American Chemical Society/Oxford Univ. Press: Washingon, DC, Vol. 848, pp. 147-165.  268 pp.  ACS Symposium Series.  Keywords:  blue-green algae/ Mississippi catfish ponds/ Oscillatoria Cf. chalybea/ channel catfish/ geosmin production/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ community structure/ bacteria/ 2-methylisoborneol/ virus.
2864.   Walker, H. L. and Higginbotham, L. R.  (2000).   An aquatic bacterium that lyses cyanobacteria associated with off-flavor of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).   Biol. Control 18(1):71-78.  Keywords:  Oscillatoria cf. chalybea/ Anabaena/ biological control/ microbial algicide/ aquaculture.
2865.   Walls, M.; Laurén-Määttä, C.; Ketola, M.; Ohra-Aho, P.; Reinikainen, M.; and Repka, S.  (1997).   Phenotypic plasticity of Daphnia life history traits:  the roles of predation, food level and toxic cyanobacteria.   Freshwater Biol. 38:353-364.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Daphnia.
2866.   Walsby, A. E. and Avery, A.  (1996).   Measurement of filamentous cyanobacteria by image analysis.   J. Microbiol. Methods 26(1-2):11-20.  Keywords:  image analysis/ cyanobacteria/ filaments.
2867.   Walsby, A. E.; Hayes, P. K.; and Boje, R.  (1995).   The gas vesicles, buoyancy and vertical distribution of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea.   Eur. J. Phycol. 30(2):87-94.  Keywords:  Baltic Sea/ buoyancy/ cyanobacteria/ gas vacuoles/ waterblooms.
2868.   Walsh, A. H.; Cheng, A. Y.; and Honkanen, R. E.  (1997).   Fostriechin, an antitumor antibiotic with inhibitory activity against serine/threonine protein phosphatases type-1 (PP1) and type-2A (PP2A), is highly selective for PP2A.   FEBS Lett. 416(3):230-234.  Keywords:  antitumor antibiotic/ serine/ threonine/ protein phosphatase/ PP1/ PP2A/ cytotoxin.
2869.   Walsh, K.; Jones, G. J.; and Dunstan, R. H.  (1998).   Effect of high irradiance and iron on volatile odour compounds in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.   Phytochem. 49(5):1227-1239.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa/ cyanobacteria/ heptadecane/ iron/ irradiance/ photooxidation/ terpenoids/ volatile odor compounds.
2870.   Walsh, K.; Jones, G. J.; and Dunstan, R. H.  (1997).   Effect of irradiance on fatty-acid, carotenoid, total protein composition and growth of Microcystis aeruginosa.   Phytochem. 44(5):817-824.  Keywords:  irradiance effect/ fatty acid/ carotenoid/ protein composition/ growth/ Microcystis aeruginosa.
2871.   Walsh, K.; Jones, G. J.; and Dunstan, R. H.  (1998).   Effects of high irradiance and iron concentration on pigment and fatty acid composition in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.   Mar. Freshwater Res. 49:399-407.  Keywords:  carotenoids/ chlorophyll/ photooxidation/ sunlight.
2872.   Wang, H. B. and Zhu, H. G.  (1996).   Promoting activity of microcystins extracted from waterblooms in the cell-transformation assay.   Biomed. Environ. Sci. 9(1):46-51.  Keywords:  activity promotion/ microcystins/ cell transformation assay.
2873.   Wang, X. F.; Parkpian, P.; Fujimoto, N.; Ruchirawat, K. M.; DeLaume, R. D.; and Jugsujinda, A.  (2002).   Environmental conditions associating microcystins production to Microcystis aeruginosa in a reservoir of Thailand.   J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A–Toxic/Hazardous Substances Environ. Eng. 37(7):1181-1207.  Keywords:  microcystin-RR/ microcystin-YR/ microcystin-LR/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ chlorophyll-a/ reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography/ Thailand.
2874.   Wannemacher Jr., R. W.; Dinterman, R. E.; Mereish, K. A.; and Creasia, D. A.  (1990).   Use of rifampin for prophylaxis and treatment of microcystin-LR intoxication.   FASEB J. 4:A740.  Keywords:  treatment/ intoxication/ microcytin-LR.
2875.   Wannemacher Jr., R.W.; Dinterman, R.E.; Thompson, W.L.; Schimdt, M.O.; and Burrows, W.D. (1993).   Treatment for removal of biotoxins from drinking water.   U.S. Army Biomedical Research and Development Laboratory: Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD.  Report # Technical Report 9120. 41 pp.    Keywords:  drinking water/ biotoxins/ removal.
2876.   Ward, C. J. and Codd, G. A.  (1999).   Comparative toxicity of four microcystins of different hydrophobicities to the protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis.   J. Appl. Microbiol. 86(5):874-882.  Keywords:  microcystins/ toxicity/ Tetrahymena pyriformis.
2877.   Warhurst, A. M.; Raggett, S. L.; McConnachie, G. L.; Pollard, S. J. T.; Chipofya, V.; and Codd, G. A.  (1997).   Adsorption of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR by a low-cost activated carbon from the seed husks of the pan-tropical tree, Moringa oleifera.   Sci. Total Environ.  207(2-3):207-211.  Keywords:  activated carbon/ algal toxins/ low cost adsorbents/ Moringa oleifera/ microcystin-LR.
2878.   Wasmund, N.  (2002).  Harmful algal blooms in coastal waters of the South-Eastern Baltic Sea.  In:  Baltic Coastal Ecosystems.  Springer-Verlag: Berlin,  pp. 93-116.   Keywords:  cyanobacterium/ Nodularia spumigena/ environmental conditions/ nitrogen fixation/ shellfish toxins/ mortality/ eutrophication/ phytoplankton/ toxicity/ Baltic Sea.
2879.   Wasmund, N.  (1997).   Occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea in relation to  environmental conditions.   Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 82(2):169-184.  Keywords:  phytoplankton blooms/ Aphanizomenon/ Nodularia/ ecological requirements/ Baltic Sea.
2880.   Watanabe, M.  (1987).   Studies on the planktonic blue-green algae 2.  Umezakia natans gen. et sp. nov. (Stigonemataceae) from the Mikata Lakes, Fukui Prefecture.   Bull. Natl. Sci. Mus. (Tokyo) Ser. B, 13(3):81-88.  Keywords:  Japan/ Umezakia natans/ studies/ Mikata Lates/ Fukui prefecture.
2881.   Watanabe, M. and Chihara, M.  (1980).  Taxonomy of cyanophytic plankton in Kasumigaura Lake.  In:  Algal Flora in Tsukuba Science City v. Classification of the Planktonic Blue-green Algae.  Tsukuba no KanKyou KenKyuu:Vol. 5A, pp. 80-86.   Keywords:  Japan/ taxonomy/ blue-green algae/ Kasumigaura.  (Japanese)
2882.   Watanabe, M. F.  (1986).  Toxic blue-green algae.  In: I. Ikushima (ed.)  Mechanism and Control of Water Bloom Development.  Tokai University Press: Tokyo,  pp. 32-46.   Keywords:  cyanotoxin.  (Japanese)
2883.   Watanabe, M. F.; Harada, K-I.; Carmichael, W. W., and Fujiki, H.  (eds.)  (1996).  Toxic Microcystis.  CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL. 262 pp.   Keywords:  toxic/ Microcystis.
2884.   Watanabe, M. F.; Harada, K-I.; Matsuura, K.; Oishi, S.; Watanabe, Y.; and Suzuki, M.  (1989).   Heptapeptide toxins contained in natural samples of Microcystis  species.   Tox. Assess. 4(4):487-497.  Keywords:  Microcystis/ heptapeptide toxins.
2885.   Watanabe, M. F.; Harada, K-I.; Matsuura, K.; Watanabe, M.; and Suzuki, M.  (1989).   Heptapeptide toxin production during the batch culture of two Microcystis species (cyanobacteria).   J. Appl. Phycol. 1:161-165.  Keywords:  toxin/ cyanobacteria/ Microcystis/ culture.
2886.   Watanabe, M. F. and Kaya, K.  (1988).  Freshwater blue-green alga Microcystis viridis toxins:  structure and environmental effects.  In: Third International Conference Conservation and Management of Lakes.  Sept. 11-17, 1988; Keszthely, Hungary.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis viridis/ structure/ environmental effects.  (Abstract)
2887.   Watanabe, M. F. and Oishi, S.  (1985).   Effects of environmental factors on toxicity of a cyanobacterium (Microcystis aeruginosa) under culture conditions.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49(5):1342-1344.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ culture.
2888.   Watanabe, M. F. and Oishi, S.  (1983).   A highly toxic strain of blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa isolated from Lake Suwa.   Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 49(11):1759.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa/ highly toxic/ Japan.
2889.   Watanabe, M. F. and Oishi, S.  (1982).   Toxic substance from a natural bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43(4):819-822.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa.
2890.   Watanabe, M. F. and Oishi, S.  (1980).   Toxicities of Microcystis aeruginosa collected from some lakes, reservoirs, ponds and moat in Tokyo and adjacent regions.   Jap. J. Limnol. 41(1):5-9.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Japan.
2891.   Watanabe, M. F. and Oishi, S.  (1982).  Toxins of blue-green algae.  In: Japanese Society of Fisheries Science (ed.)  Toxic Phytoplankton, Occurrence, Mode of Action and Toxins.  Koseisha-Koseikaku Press: Tokyo,  pp. 123-132.   Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ occurrence/ mode of action.  (Japanese)
2892.   Watanabe, M. F.; Oishi, S.; Harada, K-I.; Matsuura, K.; Kawai, H.; and Suzuki, M.  (1988).   Toxins contained in Microcystis species of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae).   Toxicon 26(11):1017-1025.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis .
2893.   Watanabe, M. F.; Oishi, S.; and Nakao, T.  (1981).   Toxic characteristics of Microcystis aeruginosa.   Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 21(3):1441-1443.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ characteristics.
2894.   Watanabe, M. F.; Oishi, S.; Watanabe, Y.; and Watanabe, M.  (1986).   Strong probability of lethal toxicity in the blue-green alga Microcystis viridis lemmermann.   J. Phycol. 22(4):552-556.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis viridis/ lethal/ waterbloom.  (Technical Note)
2895.   Watanabe, M. F.; Ozawa, Y.; and Oishi, S.  (1987).   Hemagglutinating activity of Microcystis aeruginosa (cyanobacterium).   Nippon Suis. Gak. 53(9):1643-1646.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hemagglutination.
2896.   Watanabe, M. F.; Park, H. D.; Kondo, F.; Harada, K-I.; Hayashi, H.; and Okino, T.  (1997).   Identification and estimation of microcystins in freshwater mussels.   Natural Toxins 5:31-35.  Keywords:  microcystin/ Microcystis/ mussel/ fish/ accumulation/ waterbloom.
2897.   Watanabe, M. F.; Park, H. D.; and Nakajima, T.  (2001).  Composition of Microcystis and microcystins in Lake Biwa.  International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology Proceedings.  Stuttgart.  27(Pt 5),  pp. 2899-2903.    Keywords:  Microcystis/ microcystins/ Lake Biwa.
2898.   Watanabe, M. F.; Park, H.-D.; and Watanabe, M.  (1994).   Compositions of Microcystis species and heptapeptide toxins.   Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 25:2226-2229.  Keywords:  composition/ Microcystis/ heptapeptide toxin.
2899.   Watanabe, M. F.; Watanabe, M.; Kato, T.; Harada, K-I; and Suzuki, M.  (1991).   Composition of cyclic peptide toxins among strains of Microcystis aeruginosa (blue-green algae, cyanobacteria).   Bot. Mag. Tokyo 104(1073):49-57.  Keywords:  blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria/ cyclic peptide/ Microcystis/ strain/ toxin.
2900.   Watanabe, M. M.; Kaya, K.; and Takamura, N.  (1992).   Fate of the toxic cyclic heptapeptides, the microcystins, from blooms of Microcystis (cyanobacteria) in a hypertrophic lake.   J. Phycol. 28:761-767.  Keywords:  accumulation/ Bosmina fatalis/ cyanobacteria/ fate of toxins/ leakage/ microcystins/ Microcystis/ toxins/ zooplankton.
2901.   Water Quality Bureau Environmental Sciences Division  (1984).  Toxic algae.  In:  Montana Water Quality; The 1984 Montana 305 (b) Report.   pp. 55-59.   Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Montana.
2902.   Webster, I. T.; Sherman, B. S.; Bormans, M.; and Jones, G. J.  (2000).   Management strategies for cyanobacterial blooms in an impounded lowland river.   Regul. Rivers: Res. & Manage. 16(5):513-525.  Keywords:  cyanobacterial blooms/ lowland river/ management strategies/ temperature stratification/ Australia/ dominance/ buoyancy/ Murray River.
2903.   Webster, K. L.; Maude, A. B.; O'Donnell, M. E.; Mehrotra, A. P.; and Gani, D.  (2001).   Design and preparation of serine-threonine protein phosphatase inhibitors based upon the nodularin and microcystin toxin structures.  Part 3.   J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 2001(14):1673-1695.  Keywords:  (2s,3s,8s,9s,4e,6e)-3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic/ amino-acid/ aspartic-acid/ allyl esters/ synthetic peptides/ catalytic subunit/ protecting group/ mild conditions/ beta/ identification.
2904.   Weckesser, J.; Katz, A.; Drews, G.; Mayer, H.; and Fromme, I.  (1974).   Lipopolysaccharide containing L-acofriose in the filamentous blue-green algae Anabaena variabilis.    J. Bacteriol. 120:672-678.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Anabaena/ acofriose.
2905.   Weckesser, J.; Martin, C.; and Jakobi, C.  (1996).   Cyanopeptolins, depsipeptides from cyanobacteria.   System. Appl. Microbiol. 19(2):133-138.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ depsipeptides/ cyanopeptolins.
2906.   Wegge, T.; Schwarz, S.; and Seitz, G.  (2000).   A new and efficient synthetic route to enantiopure (+)-anatoxin-a from (-)-cocaine hydrochloride.   Tetrahed.-Asymmetry 11(6):1405-1410.  Keywords:  anatoxin-a/ asymmetric synthesis/ (-)-anatoxin-a/ ligand/ ring.
2907.   Weiss, J.; Liebert, H. P.; and Braune, W.  (2000).   Influence of microcystin-RR on growth and photosynthetic capacity of the duckweed Lemna minor L.   J. Appl. Bot. 74(3-4):100-105.  Keywords:  protein phosphatases/ spray irrigation/ enzyme activity/ hepatotoxins/ cyanotoxins/ higher plants.
2908.   Weithoff, G. and Walz, N.  (1995).   Influence of the filamentous cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii on population growth and reproductive pattern of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus.   Hydrobiologia 313:381-386.  Keywords:  Planktothrix agardhii/ population growth/ reproductive pattern/ Brachionus calyciflorus.
2909.   Welker, M.; Bickel, H.; and Fastner, J.  (2002).   HPLC-PDA detection of cylindrospermopsin — opportunities and limits.   Water Res. 36(18):4659-4663.  Keywords:  Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ cylindrospermopsin/ HPLC/ photo diode array detection/ cyanotoxin.
2910.   Welker, M.; Fastner, J.; Erhard, M.; and von Döhren, H.  (2002).   Applications of MALDI-TOF MS analysis in cyanotoxin research.   Environ. Toxicol. 17(4):367-374.  Keywords:  flight mass spectrometry/ assisted laser desorption ionization/ desorption ionization time/ blue-green algae/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin production/ matrix/ cyanobacteria/ identification/ Planktothrix.
2911.   Welker, M. and Steinberg, C.  (1999).   Indirect photolysis of cyanotoxins: one possible mechanism for their low persistence.   Water Res. 33(5):1159-1164.  Keywords:  photolytical degradation/ microcystins/ elimination.
2912.   Welker, M. and Steinberg, C.  (2000).   Rates of humic substance photosensitized degradation of microcystin-LR in natural waters.   Environ. Sci. Technol. 34 (16):3415-3419.  Keywords:  cyanobacterial hepatotoxin/ photooxidation/ bacterial binding/ carbon.
2913.   Welker, M.; Steinberg, C.; and Jones, G.  (2001).  Release and persistence of microcystins in natural waters.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: New York,  pp. 83-101.  357 pp.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ microcystins.
2914.   Welker, M.; von Döhren, H.; Tauscher, H.; Steinberg, C. E. W.; and Erhard, M.  (2003).   Toxic Microcystis  in shallow lake Muggelsee (Germany) - dynamics, distribution, diversity.   Arch. Hydrobiol. 157(2):227-248.  Keywords:  microcystin/ Microcystis/ biodiversity/ cyanotoxin/ temporal dynamics/ blue-green algae/ phytoplankton community structure/ mass-spectrometry/ aeruginosa/ blooms/ phosphorus/ nitrogen/ reservoir/ Daphnia/ Muggelsee/ Germany.
2915.   Weller, M. G.; Zeck, A.; Eikenberg, A.; Nagata, S.; Ueno, Y.; and Niessner, R.  (2001).   Development of a direct competitive microcystin immunoassay of broad specificity.   Analyt. Sci. 17(12):1445-1448.  Keywords:  linked immunosorbent assay/ blue-green algae/ enzyme immunoassay/ nitroaromatic residues/ polyclonal/ antibodies/ increased sensitivity/ triazine herbicides/ quantification/ reactivity/ nodularin.
2916.   Wells, P. G.; Lee, K.; Blaise, C., and Gauthier, J.  (eds.)  (1998).  Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicology:  Advances, Techniques, and Practice.  CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida. 679 pp.   Keywords:  microscale testing/ aquatic toxicology/ techniques.
2917.   Wheeler, R. E.; Lackey, J. B.; and Schott, S. A.  (1942).   A contribution on the toxicity of algae.   Pub. Health Rep. 57(45):1695-1701.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin.
2918.   Wheeler, R. E.; Lackey, J. B.; and Schott, S. A.  (1943).   A contribution on the toxicity of algae.   J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 102:230.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin.
2919.   White, A. W.  (ed.)  (1990).  Toxic Algal Blooms:  an International Directory of Experts in Toxic and Harmful Algal Blooms and Their Effects on Fisheries and Public health.  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 216 pp.   Keywords:  toxic algal blooms/ experts/ international/ directory.
2920.   White, J. D.; Kim, T-S.; and Nambu, M.  (1995).   Synthesis of curacin A:  a powerful antimitotic from the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula.   J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117(20):5612-5613.  Keywords:  synthesis/ curacin A/ Lyngbya majuscula.
2921.   White, S. H.; Fabbro, L. D.; and Duivenvoorden, L. J.  (2003).   Changes in cyanoprokaryote populations, Microcystis morphology, and microcystin concentrations in Lake Elphinstone (central Queensland, Australia).   Environ. Toxicol. 18(6):403-412.  Keywords:  Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ Lyngbya/ periodicity/ cylindrospermopsin/ nutrients/ iron/ shallow lakes/ Lake Elphinstone/ central Queensland/ Australia.
2922.   Wickramasinghe, W. A.; Senogles, P-J.; Eaglesham, G. K.; Moore, M. R.; and Shaw, G. R.  (2001).   Identification of possible toxic byproducts of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis after chlorination.   Toxicology 164(1-3 Suppl.):175.  Keywords:  identification/ toxic byproducts/ cyanobacteria/ Cylindrospermopsis/ chlorination .  (Abstract)
2923.   Wicks, R. J. and Thiel, P. G.  (1990).   Environmental factors affecting the production of peptide toxins in floating scums of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in a hypertrophic African reservoir.   Environ. Sci. Technol. 24(9):1413-1418.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ environmental factors/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ South Africa.
2924.   Wickstrom, M. L.; Khan, S. A.; Haschek, W. M.; Wyman, J. E.; Eriksson, J. E.; Schaeffer, D. J.; and Beasley, V. R.  (1995).   Alterations in microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments induced by microcystin-LR in cultured cells.   Toxicologic Pathol. 23(3):326-337.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ microcystin/ protein phosphatase inhibitors/ cytoskeleton/ hepatocytes.
2925.   Wiedner, C.; Chorus, I.; Fastner, J.; Gude, H.; Hoehne, L.; Kohler, A.; Koch, S.; Koschel, R.; Krienitz, L.; Melzer, B.; Meyer, B.; Nixdorf, B.; Nusch, E.; Oehms, M.; Portugal, L.; Rönicke, H.; Schuster, H. H.; Stottmeister, S.; Vareschi, E.; Walz, N.; Wanka, R.; Wege, H.; Kruspe, U.; and Willmitzer, H.  (2001).  The waterbodies surveyed for cyanotoxins in Germany.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: New York,  pp. 6-21.  357 pp.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ Germany.
2926.   Wiedner, C.; Nixdorf, B.; Heinze, R.; Wirsing, B.; Neumann, U.; and Weckesser, J.  (2002).   Regulation of cyanobacteria and microcystin dynamics in polymictic shallow lakes.   Arch. Hydrobiol. 155(3):383-400.  Keywords:  oscillatoriales/ microcystin production/ light adaptation/ competition.
2927.   Wiedner, C.; Visser, P. M.; Fastner, J.; Metcalf, J. S.; Codd, G. A.; and Mur, L. R.  (2003).   Effects of light on the microcystin content of Microcystis strain PCC 7806.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69(3):1475-1481.  Keywords:  Oscillatoria agardhii strains/ toxin production/ natural blooms/ growth rates/ aeruginosa/ cyanobacteria/ cultures/ biosynthesis/ temperature/ population.
2928.   Wiegand, C.; Peuthert, A.; Pflugmacher, S.; and Carmeli, S.  (2002).   Effects of microcin SF608 and microcystin-LR, two cyanobacterial compounds produced by Microcystis sp., on aquatic organisms.   Environ. Toxicol. 17(4):400-406.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ cyanobacterial compound/ microcin SF608/ microcystin-LR/ glutathione S-transferase/ glutathione peroxidase/ peroxidase/ photosynthesis/ chlorophyll a-b/ Microcystis.
2929.   Wiegand, C. and Pflugmacher, S.  (2001).  Effects of microcystin-LR on detoxication enzymes.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: New York,  pp. 253-257.  357 pp.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ detoxication/ enzymes.
2930.   Wiegand, C. and Pflugmacher, S.  (2001).  Uptake of microcystin-LR in aquatic organisms.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: New York,  pp. 249-252.  357 pp.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ uptake.
2931.   Wiegand, C.; Pflugmacher, S.; Oberemm, A.; Meems, N.; Beattie, K. A.; Steinberg, C. E.; and Codd, G. A.  (1999).   Uptake and effects of microcystin-LR on detoxication enzymes of early-life stages of the zebra fish (Danio rerio).   Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):89-95.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ uptake/ effects/ zebra fish/ Danio rerio.
2932.   Wilkins, D.  (October, 1988).  Waging war agains algae.   Country Guide: Farm Mag.  107(10), pp. 18-20.  Keywords:  algae control/copper sulfate treatment/Canada/dugouts.
2933.   Willen, E. (1976).   Phytoplankton and environmental factors in Lake Hjalmaren.   Report # SNV PM 718/NLU Rapport 87, pp. 69-70.   Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ environmental factors/ Sweden.
2934.   Willen, E.  (1981).   Vattenblomning.   Svensk Bot. Tidskr. 75:345-355.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Lake Hjalmaren.  (Swedish)
2935.   Willen, E.; Ahlgren, G.; and Soderhielm, A. C.  (2000).   Toxic cyanophytes in three Swedish lakes.   Internat. Verein. Limnol. 27(Pt. 1):560-564.  Keywords:  liquid chromatographic method/ neurotoxic/ anatoxin-a/ waters/ fresh/ microcystins/ blooms/ Sweden.
2936.   Willen, E. and Tiren, T. (1984).   Lilla Ullfjarden - en sjobeskrivning.   Report #  SNV PM 1798 Rapport Mk - lab, 121 pp.   Keywords:  cyanotoxin.  (Swedish)
2937.   Willén, T. and Mattsson, R.  (1997).   Water-blooming and toxin-producing cyanobacteria in Swedish fresh and brackish waters, 1981-1995.   Hydrobiologia 353:181-192.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ waterbloom/ toxicity/ mouse bioassay/ hepatotoxin/ Sweden.
2938.   Williams, D. E.; Craig, M.; Dawe, S. C.; Kent, M. L.; Andersen, R. J.; and Holmes, C. F. B.  (1997).   14C-labeled microcystin-LR administered to Atlantic salmon via intraperitoneal injection provides in vivo evidence for covalent binding of microcystin-LR in salmon livers.   Toxicon 35(6):985-989.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ covalent binding/ salmon livers/ intraperitoneal.
2939.   Williams, D. E.; Craig, M.; Dawe, S. C.; Kent, M. L.; Holmes, C. F. B.; and Andersen, R. J.  (1997).   Evidence for a covalently bound form of microcystin-LR in salmon liver and Dungeness crab larvae.   Chem. Res. Toxicol. 10(4):463-469.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ covalently bound/ salmon liver/ Dungeness crab larvae.
2940.   Williams, D. E.; Craig, M.; Holmes, C. F. B.; and Andersen, R. J.  (1996).   Ferintoic acid-a and acid-b, new cyclic hexapeptides from the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.   J. Natural Products 59(6):570-575.  Keywords:  ferintoic acid-a/ ferintoic acid-b/ Microcystis aeruginosa.
2941.   Williams, D. E.; Dawe, S. C.; Kent, M. L.; Andersen, R. J; Craig, M.; and Holmes, C. F. B.  (1997).   Bioaccumulation and clearance of microcystins from salt water mussels, Mytilus edulis, and in vivo evidence for covalently bound microcystins in mussel tissues.   Toxicon 35(11):1617-1625.  Keywords:  microcystins/ Mytilus edulis/ mussels/ bioaccumulation/ covalently bound microcystins.
2942.   Williams, D. H.  (1983).   Application of fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry to structural problems in organic chemistry.   Int. J. Mass Spec. Ion Physics 53:37-44.  Keywords:  Microcystis/ fast atom bombardment/ mass spectrometry.
2943.   Williams, P. G.; Luesch, H.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J.  (2003).   Continuing studies on the cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp.:  isolation and structure determination of 15-norlyngbyapeptin a and lyngbyabellin D.   J. Natural Products 66(5):595-598.  Keywords:  configuration/ hectochlorin/ majuscula/ Lyngbya.
2944.   Williams, P. G.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J.  (2003).   Isolation and structure determination of lyngbyastatin 3, a lyngbyastatin 1 homologue from the marine cyanobacterium Lynbgya majuscula.  Determination of the configuration of the 4-amino-2,2-dimethyl-3-oxopentanoic acid unit in majusculamide C, dolastatin 12, lyngbyastatin 1, and lyngbyastatin 3 from cyanobacteria.   J. Natural Products 66(10):1356-1363.  Keywords:  constituent amino acids/ absolute configuration/ cyclic depsipeptide/ stereochemistry/ peptide/ collection/ dolabella/ analogs/ LC-MS/ Lynbgya majuscula.
2945.   Williams, P. G.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J.  (2002).   Isolation and structure determination of obyanamide, a novel cytotoxic cyclic depsipeptide from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya confervoides.   J. Natural Products 65(1):29-31.  Keywords:  hare Dolabella auricularia/ strain gsv-224/ biological activity/ majuscula/ cryptophycins/ dolastatin-12/ hexapeptide/ agents/ Lyngbya confervoides/ Saipan, Mariana Islands.
2946.   Williams, P. G.; Yoshida, W. Y.; Moore, R. E.; and Paul, V. J.  (2002).   Tasiamide, a cytotoxic peptide from the marine cyanobacterium Symploca sp.   J. Natural Products 65(9):1336-1339.  Keywords:  Tasiamide/ peptide/ marine cyanobacterium/ Symploca.
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2953.   Wilmot Enterprise.  Farmer tells some news (on stock poisoning in Big Stone Lake).  (1925,  Oct. 1).  Wilmot Enterprise.  Wilmot, South Dakota.   Keywords:  cattle deaths/ South Dakota.
2954.   Wilmot Enterprise.  One hundred twenty seven hogs, 4 cows die after drinking water from (Big Stone) lake, stock stricken, last Saturday, all die in short time, lake water sent in for analysis.  (1925,  Oct. 1).  Wilmot Enterprise.  Wilmot, South Dakota.   Keywords:  cattle deaths/ pig deaths/ South Dakota.
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2957.   Wirsing, B.; Hoffmann, L.; Heinze, R.; Dalby, K. N.; Daloze, D.; Braekman, J. C.; and Weckesser, J.  (1998).   First report on the identification of microcystin in a water bloom collected in Belgium.    System. Appl. Microbiol. 21(1):23-27.  Keywords:  microcystin identification/ waterbloom/ Belgium.
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2961.   Wolters, B.  (1964).   Antibiotisch und toxisch wirkende substanzen aus algen und moosen.   Planta Medica 12(1):85-99.  Keywords:  antibiotics/ cyanotoxin/ taxonomy/ chemistry.  (German)
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2963.   Wong, S. H. and Hindin, E.  (1982).   Detecting an algal toxin by high-pressure liquid chromatography.   J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 74(10):528-529.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ detection/ high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).
2964.   Wonnacott, S.; Jackman, S.; Cockcroft, V. B.; Aronstam, R. S.; Rapoport, H.; Swanson, K. L.; and Albuquerque, E. X.  (1989).   Interactions of anatoxin-a analogues with neuronal acetylcholine receptors.   Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 15:678.  Keywords:  anatoxin-a/ analogs/ interaction/ neuronal acetylcholine receptors.
2965.   Wonnacott, S.; Jackman, S.; Swanson, K. L.; Rapoport, H.; and Albuquerque, E. X.  (1991).   Nicotinic pharmacology of anatoxin analogs.  II. Side chain structure-activity relationships at neuronal nicotinic ligand binding sites.   J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 259(1):387-391.  Keywords:  anatoxin analogs/ nicotinic pharmacology/ structure-activity relationships.
2966.   Wonnacott, S.; Kaiser, S.; Mogg, A.; Soliakov, L.; and Jones, I. W.  (2000).   Presynaptic nicotinic receptors modulating dopamine release in the rat striatum.   Eur. J. Pharmacol. 393(1-3):51-58.  Keywords:  nicotinic receptor/ presynaptic/ glutamate receptor/ antagonist/ nicotine/ anatoxin-a/ immunogold electron microscopy/ synaptosome/ rat.
2967.   Wonnacott, S.; Swanson, K. L.; Albuquerque, E. X.; Huby, N. J. S.; Thompson, P.; and Gallagher, T.  (1992).   Homoanatoxin: a potent analogue of anatoxin-a.   Biochem. Pharmacol. 43(3):419-423.  Keywords:  anatoxin-a/ analog.
2968.   Wood, S. A. and Stirling, D. J.  (2003).   First identification of the cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in New Zealand.   NZ. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 37(4):821-828.  Keywords:  Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ cylindrospermopsin/ deoxy-cylindrospermopsin/ cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxin/ New Zealand.
2969.   Woodcock, E. F.  (1927).   Plants of Michigan poisonous to livestock.   J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 25:475.  Keywords:  livestock/ poisonous plants/ Michigan.
2970.   World Health Organization (WHO)  (2003).  Algae and cyanobacteria in coastal and estuarine waters.  In:  Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments — Vol. 1 Coastal and Fresh Waters.  World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland,  pp. 128-135, Ch. 7.  218 pp.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ coastal waters/ exposure routes/ precautions.
2971.   World Health Organization (WHO)  (1998).   Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. 2nd ed.  World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.   Vol. 2  Addendum,   Keywords:  drinking water/ quality/ guidelines.
2972.   World Health Organization (WHO)  (2002).   Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality.  Addendum:  Microbiological Agents in Drinking Water. 2nd ed.  World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland. 142 pp.   Keywords:  drinking water/ quality/ guidelines/ microbial agents.
2973.   World Health Organization (WHO)  (1998).   Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality.  Volume 1, Recommendations/World Health Organization. 2nd ed.  World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland.   Vol. 1, 36 pp.   Keywords:  drinking water/ quality/ guidelines/ recommendations.
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2975.   Wu, C.; Maurer, C.; Wang, Y.; Xue, S.; and Davis, D. L.  (1999).   Water pollution and human health in China.   Environ. Health Perspect. 107(4):251-256.  Keywords:  China/ human health/ pollution/ water.
2976.   Wu, X. Q.; Vennison, S. J.; Liu, H. R.; Ben-Dov, E.; Zaritsky, A.; and Boussiba, S.  (1997).   Mosquito larvicidal activity of transgenic Anabaena strain PCC-7120 expressing combinations of genes from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63(12):4971-4974.  Keywords:  Anabaena/ mosquito larvicidal activity/ Bacillus thuringiensis.
2977.   Wulf, F. and Cederwaall, H. (1984).   Dynamics of a Nodularia bloom in the Baltic Proper.   Report # ICES C.M. 1984/B4.   Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Nodularia bloom/ dynamics/ Baltic.
2978.   Wurtz, A.  (1949).   Propriétés particulières d'une fleur d'eau de Cyanophycée:  Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz.   Bull. Soc. Bot. France 96:50-51.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa.  (French)
2979.   Wurtz, R.  (1994).   Cyclospora —a newly identified intestinal pathogen of humans (review).   Clin. Infect. Dis. 18(4):620-623.  Keywords:  Cyclospora/ intestinal pathogen/ humans.
2980.   Wyatt, G. M.; Lee, H. A., and Morgan, M. R. A.  (eds.)  (1992).  Immunoassays for Food-Poisoning Bacteria and Bacterial Toxins.  Chapman & Hall: London/New York. 129 pp.  (Food Safety Series;   Keywords:  immunoassays/ bacterial toxins.
2981.   Xia, Z. P. and Smith, C. D.  (2000).   Synthesis of dendroamide A, a multidrug reversing cyclic hexapeptide derivative from cyanobacteria.   Abstr. Papers Am. Chem. Soc. 220(1):U549.  Keywords:  dendroamide A/ synthesis.
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2986.   Xu, J. K.; Liu, Y. F.; Zhu, H. G.; and Ding, W. X.  (2000).   The identification and toxicity of the microcystin in the waterbloom obtained from an eutrophied lake.   Biomed. Environ. Sci. 13(2):97-140.  Keywords:  cell transformation/ cyanobacteria.
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2989.   Xu, Z. K. and Burns, C. W.  (1991).   Development, growth and survivorship of juvenile calanoid copepods on diets of cyanobacteria and algae.   Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 76(1):73-87.  Keywords:  copepods/ development/ growth/ survivorship/ algae diet.
2990.   Yamada, N.; Murakami, N.; Morimoto, T.; and Sakakibara, J.  (1993).   Auto-growth inhibitory substance from the fresh-water cyanobacterium Phormidium tenue.   Chem. Pharmaceut. Bull. 41(10):1863-1865.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ Phormidium tenue/ auto-growth inhibitory substance/ unsaturated fatty acid/ linoleic acid/ linolenic acid.
2991.   Yamaguchi, M.; Jimbo, M.; Sakai, R.; Muramoto, K.; and Kamiya, H.  (1998).   Purification and characterization of Microcystis aeruginosa freshwater cyanobacterium lectin.   Comp. Biochem. Physiol.–B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. 119:593-597.  Keywords:  agglutinin/ blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria/ hemagglutinin/ lectin/ Microcystis aeruginosa.
2992.   Yan, F.; Ozsoz, M.; and Sadik, O. A.  (2000).   Electrochemical and conformational studies of microcystin-LR.   Analyt. Chim. Acta 409(1-2):247-255.  Keywords:  microcystins/ electrochemistry/ molecular modeling/ mechanism/ toxicity.
2993.   Yang, M.; Lam, P. K. S.; Huang, M. H.; and Wong, B. S. F.  (1999).   Effects of microcystins on phosphorylase-a binding to phosphatase 2A:  kinetic analysis by surface plasmon resonance biosensor.   Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1427(1):62-73.  Keywords:  microcystin/ phosphorylase a/ phosphatase 2A/ surface plasmon resonance.
2994.   Yasuno, M. and Sugaya, Y.  (1991).   Toxicities of Microcystis viridis and the isolated hepatotoxic polypeptides on cladocerans.   Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 24:2622-2626.  Keywords:  Microcystis viridis/ cyanotoxin/ cladocerans.
2995.   Yasuno, M.; Sugaya, Y.; Kaya, K.; and Watanabe, M. M.  (1998).   Variations in the toxicity of Microcystis species to Moina macrocopa.   Phycol. Res. 46(Suppl.):31-36.  Keywords:  cladoceran/ lethal time/ microcystins/ toxicity.
2996.   Yea, S. S.; Kim, H. M.; Jeon, Y. J.; Oh, H-M.; Jeong, H. G.; and Yang, K-H.  (2000).   Suppression of IL-2 and IL-4 gene expression by nodularin through the reduced NF-AT binding activity.   Toxicol. Lett. 114(1-3):215-224.  Keywords:  nodularin/ T lymphocytes/ interleukin-2/ interleukin-4/ NF-AT.
2997.   Yea, S. S.; Yang, Y. I.; Jang, W. H.; and Paik, K. H.  (2001).   Microcystin-induced proinflammatory cytokines expression and cell death in human hepatocytes.   Hepatology 34(4 Pt. 2 Suppl.):516A.  Keywords:  microcystin.
2998.   Yin, Q.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Evans, W. R.  (1997).   Factors influencing growth and toxin production by cultures of the freshwater cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei Farlow ex Gomont.   J. Appl. Phycol. 9:55-63.  Keywords:  Lyngbya wollei/ PSP/ paralytic shellfish poisons/ growth/ toxin production.
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3000.   Yokokawa, F.; Fujiwara, H.; and Shioiri, T.  (2000).   Total synthesis and revision of absolute stereochemistry of antillatoxin, an ichthyotoxic cyclic lipopeptide from marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula.   Tetrahed. 56(12):1759-1775.  Keywords:  antillatoxin/ ichthyotoxicity/ cyclic lipopeptide/ total synthesis.
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3009.   Yoshida, T.; Makita, Y.; Tsutsumi, T.; Nagata, S.; Tashiro, F.; Yoshida, F.; Sekijima, M.; Tamura, S-I.; Harada, T.; Maita, K.; and Ueno, Y.  (1998).   Immunohistochemical localization of microcystin-LR in the liver of mice:  a study on the pathogenesis of microcystin-LR-induced hepatotoxicity.   Toxicologic Pathol. 26 (3):411-418.  Keywords:  hepatocyte/ hemorrhage/ necrosis/ apoptosis/ protein adducts/ microcystin-LR/ mice liver.
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3026.   Zeck, A.; Weller, M. G.; Bursill, D.; and Niessner, R.  (2001).   Generic microcystin immunoassay based on monoclonal antibodies against Adda.   Analyst 126(11):2002-2007.  Keywords:  polyclonal antibodies/ enzyme immunoassay/ nodularin-LR.
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3054.   Zohary, T.  (1985).   Hyperscums of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in a hypertrophic lake (Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa).   J. Plankton Res. 7(3):399-409.  Keywords:  waterblooms/  Microcystis aeruginosa/ hypertrophic lake/ Hartbeespoort Dam/ South Africa.
3055.   Zohary, T. and Pais-Madeira, A. M.  (1990).   Structural, physical and chemical characteristics of Microcystis aeruginosa hyperscums from a hypertrophic lake.   Freshwater Biol. 23(2):339-352.  Keywords:  characteristics/ Microcystis aeruginosa waterbloom/ hypertrophic lake/ South Africa.
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3060.   Zotou, A.; Jefferies, T. M.; Brough, P. A.; and Gallagher, T.  (1993).   Determination of anatoxin-a and homoanatoxin in blue-green algal extracts by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry.   Analyst 118(7):753-758.  Keywords:  anatoxin-a/ homoanatoxin/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ Oscillatoria/ high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/ gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
3061.   zu Jeddeloh, B.  (1939).   Symptoms of algae associated with Haff's disease.   Ergeb. Inn. Med. Kinder. 57:139.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin.
3062.   Zurawell, R. W.; Kotak, B. G.; and Prepas, E. E.  (1999).   Influence of lake trophic status on the occurrence of microcystin-LR in the tissue of pulmonate snails.   Freshwater Biol. 42(4):707-718.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ pulmonate snails.
3063.   Zweigenbaum, J. A.; Henion, J. D.; Beattie, K. A.; Codd, G. A.; and Poon, G. K.  (2000).   Direct analysis of microcystins by microbore liquid chromatography electrospray ionization ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry.   J. Pharmaceut. Biomed. Anal. 23(4):723-733.  Keywords:  microcystins/ microbore/ liquid chromatography/ electrospray ionization ion trap/ tandem mass.

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