Minggu, 08 Juni 2014



2088.   Patterson, G. M. L.; Baldwin, C. L.; Bolis, C. M.; Caplan, F. R.; Karuso, H.; Larsen, L. K.; Levine, I. A.; Nelson, C. S.; Tuang, G. D.; and Moore, R. E.  (1990).  Antiviral and antimicrobial activity of cultured cyanobacteria.  In: 1990 ASM Annual Meeting.  May 13-17, 1990; Anaheim, California.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ Scytonemataceae/ Stigonemataceae/ biotech/ antiviral/ antiherpes/ antimicrobial/ antifungal/ antibacterial.
2089.   Patterson, G. M. L. and Bolis, C. M.  (1997).   Fungal cell-wall polysaccharides elicit an antifugal secondary metabolite (phytoalexin) in the cyanobacterium Scytonema ocellatum.   J. Phycol. 33(1):54-60.  Keywords:  antibiotic/ chitin/ cyanophyte/ cytotoxin/ elicitor/ polyketide/ Scytonema ocellatum.
2090.   Patterson, G. M. L. and Bolis, C. M.  (1995).   Regulation of scytophycin accumulation in cultures of Scytonema ocellotum.  II. Nutrient requirements.   Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 43(4):692-700.  Keywords:  scytophycin/ Scytonema ocellatum/ nutrient effects.
2091.   Patterson, G. M. L. and Carmeli S.  (1992).   Biological effects of tolytoxin (6-hydroxy-7-O-methyl-scytophycin b), a potent bioactive metabolite from cyanobacteria.   Arch. Microbiol. 157(5):406-410.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ secondary metabolite/ antifungal/ cytotoxin.
2092.   Patterson, G. M. L.; Larsen, L. K.; and Moore, R. E.  (1994).   Bioactive natural products from blue-green algae.   J. Appl. Phycol. 6(2):151-157.  Keywords:  antibiotic/ anticancer/ biotechnology/ cytotoxic.
2093.   Patterson, G. M. L.; Norton, T. R.; Furusawa, E.; Furusawa, S.; Kashiwagi, M.; and Moore, R. E.  (1984).   Antineoplastic evaluation of marine algal extracts.   Botanica Marina 27:485-488.  Keywords:  antitumor/ Palau, Western Caroline Islands/ Marshall Islands/ Puerto Rico/ Hawaiian Islands/ marine/ pharmaceutical/ antineoplastic agents.
2094.   Payne, B. W. and Williams, E. D. F.  (1977).  An investigation of virus-like inclusions in Microcystis toxica by means of digital image analysis.  Proceedings Electron Microscopy Society of Southern Africa.  Vol. 7,  pp. 107-108.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ virus/ image analysis.
2095.   Pearson, M.J. (Chair of Task Group.) (1990).   Toxic Blue-Green Algae, a Report by the National Rivers Authority.   Stanley L. Hunt: United Kingdom, Rushden, Northouts.  Report # Water Quality Series No. 2. 128 pp.    Keywords:  toxic blue-green algae/ neurotoxins/ hepatotoxins/ lipopolysaccharides.
2096.   Pearson, M. J.; Bateman, I. J.; and Codd, G. A.  (2001).  Measuring the recreational and amenity values affected by toxic cyanobacteria:  a contingent valuation study of Rutland water, Leicestershire.  In: R. K. Turner, I. J. Bateman, and W. N. Adger (eds.)  Economics of Coastal and Water Resources:  Valuing Environmental Functions.  Kluwer, Dordrecht: The Netherlands,  pp. 67-89, Ch. 3.     Keywords:  toxic cyanobacteria/ recreational values/ amenity values/ Rutland water/ Leicestershire/ economics.
2097.   Peary, J. A. and Gorham, P. R.  (1966).  Influence of light and temperature on growth and toxin production by Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-44-1.  In: Proceedings of Phycological Society of America.  Phycolog. Soc. Am.: Maryland College Park.  pp. 3-4.  Aug. 14-19, 1966; Maryland.  Keywords:  Anabaena flos-aquae/ toxin production/ NRC-44-1.
2098.   Pechar, L.  (1992).   Water blooms of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae  — an ecological study of fish pond populations.   Arch. Hydrobiol.–Monogr. Beit. 90(3 Suppl.):339-418.  Keywords:  Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ ecological study.
2099.   Peinador, M.  (1999).   Cyanobacteria as bioindicators of organic pollution (Las cianobacterias como indicadores de contaminación orgánica).   Rev. Biol. Trop. 47(3):381-391.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ Cyanophyta/ pollution/ water quality/ bioindicators/ waste water/ blue-green algae.  (Spanish)
2100.   Pelander, A.; Ojanperä, I.; Lahti, K.; Niinivaara, K.; and Vuori, E.  (2000).   Visual detection of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins by thin-layer chromatography and application to water analysis.   Water Res. 34(10):2643-2652.  Keywords:  microcystin/ nodularin/ TLC/ screening/ detection/ visualization.
2101.   Pelander, A.; Ojanperä, I.; Sivonen, K.; Himberg, K.; Waris, M.; Ninivaara, K.; and Vuori, E.  (1996).   Screening for cyanobacterial toxins in bloom and strain samples by thin layer chromatography.   Water Res 30(6):1464-1470.  Keywords:  TLC/ HPTLC/ u.v. densitometry/ microcystin/ nodularin/ anatoxin-a/ cyanobacteria/ screening/ Fast Black K salt.
2102.   Pelander, A.; Ojanperä, I.; and Vuori, E.  (1998).   Analysis of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins by overpressured layer chromatography.   J. Planar Chromat.  11(5):365-369.  Keywords:  hepatotoxins/ analysis/ chromatography.
2103.   Pelander, A.; Sivonen, K.; Ojanperä, I.; and Vuorela, H.  (1997).   Retardation behavior of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins in the irregular part of the 'Prisma' model for thin layer chromatography.   J. Planar Chromat.  10(6):434-440.  Keywords:  microcystin/ nodularin/ optimization/ PRISMA/ hepatotoxins/ cyanobacteria/ thin layer chromatography.
2104.   Peñaloza, R.; Rojas, M.; Vila, I.; and Zambrano, F.  (1990).   Toxicity of a soluble peptide from Microcystis sp. to zooplankton and fish.   Freshwater Biol. 24(2):233-240.  Keywords:  Microcystis sp./ toxicity/ zooplankton/ phytoplankton.
2105.   Pendleton, P.; Schumann, R.; and Wong, S. H.  (2001).   Microcystin-LR adsorption by activated carbon.   J. Colloid Interface Sci. 240(1):1-8.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ adsorption/ activated carbon/ porous solids.
2106.   Pennings, S. C.; Nastisch, S.; and Paul, V. J.  (2001).   Vulnerability of sea hares to fish predators: importance of diet and fish species.   Coral Reefs 20(3):320-324.  Keywords:  chemical defense/ cyanobacteria/ Guam/ predation/ sea hare/ Stylocheilus/ secondary metabolites/ Stylocheilus longicauda/ Aplysia californica/ chemical defenses/ natural products/ nudibranch/ Opisthobranchia/ palatability/ gastropods/ Anaspidea.
2107.   Pennings, S. C.; Pablo, S. R.; and Paul, V. J.  (1997).   Chemical defenses of the tropical, benthic marine cyanobacterium  Hormothamnion enteromorphoides — diverse consumers and synergisms.   Limnol. Oceanogr. 42(5):911-917.  Keywords:  Hormothamnion enteromorphoides/ marine/ cyanobacteria/ cytotoxin.
2108.   Pereira, P.; Onodera, H.; Andrinolo, D.; Franca, S.; Araújo, F.; Lagos, N.; and Oshima, Y.  (2000).   Paralytic shellfish toxins in the freshwater cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, isolated from Montargil Reservoir, Portugal.   Toxicon 38(12):1689-1702.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ paralytic shellfish toxins/ HPLC-FLD analysis/ LC-MS analysis/ Montargil, Portugal.
2109.   Perez-Linares, J.; Cadena, M.; Rangel, C.; Urizueta-Bustamante, M. L.; and Ochoa, J. L.  (2003).   Effect of Schizothrix calcicola on white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Penaeus vannamei). postlarvae.   Aquaculture 218(1-4):55-65.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ Litopenaeus vannamei/ Schizothrix calcicola/ shrimp/ shrimp culture/ Lyngbya majuscula/ cyanobacterial/ debromoaplysiatoxin/ aplysiatoxin/ blooms/ water.
2110.   Pergament, I. and Carmeli, S.  (1994).   Schizotrin-a — a novel antimicrobial cyclic peptide from a cyanobacterium.   Tetrahed. Lett. 35(45):8473-8476.  Keywords:  Schizotrin-a/ antimicrobial cyclic peptide/ cytotoxin.
2111.   Perkins, D. R. and Barnum, S. R.  (1992).   DNA sequence and analysis of a cryptic 4.2-kb plasmid from the filamentous cyanobacterium, Plectonema sp. strain PCC 6402.   Plasmid 28:170-176.  Keywords:  Plectonema sp./ strain PCC 6402/ cyanobacteria/ amino acid sequence.
2112.   Perschbacher, P. W.  (2003).  Biological control of off-flavor cyanobacteria.  In: A. M. Rimando and K. K. Schrader (eds.)  Off-Flavors in Aquaculture.  American Chemical Society/Oxford Univ. Press: Washingon, DC, Vol. 848, pp. 167-177.  268 pp.  ACS Symposium Series.  Keywords:  channel catfish/ phytoplankton/ community/ ponds.
2113.   Persson, P-E.  (1985).   Myrkylliset ja hajua tuottavat sinilevat seka niiden tutkimus Suomessa.   Ympär. Terv. 16:438-442.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin.  (Finnish)
2114.   Persson, P-E.  (1985).   Sinilevien haittavaikutuksista vesistoissa: myrkyt ja hajut.   Ymparistojuridiikka- Miljojuridik 3/4:1-5.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin.  (Finnish)
2115.   Persson, P-E.; Sivonen, K.; Keto, J.; Kononen, K.; Niemi, M.; and Viljamaa, H.  (1984).   Potentially toxic blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) in Finnish natural waters.   Aqua Fennica 14(2):147-154.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Finland/ toxic blue-green algae.
2116.   Petersen, J. S.; Fels, G.; and Rapoport, H.  (1984).   Chirospecific synthesis of (+)- and (-)- anatoxin-a.   J. Am. Chem. Soc. 106(16):4539-4547.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ anatoxin/ synthesis.
2117.   Petersen, J. S.; Töteberg-Kaulen, S.; and Rapoport, H.  (1984).   Synthesis of (±)-w-Aza[x.y.1]bicycloalkanes by an intramolecular Mannich reaction.   J. Org. Chem. 49 :2948-2953.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ acyclic acetal ketal benzylamines/ Mannich reaction/ synthesis/ heterocyclic compounds.
2118.   Peterson, H.  (1991).   Algae problems in dugouts and fighting water blooms.   Prairie Water News 1(1):4-5.  Keywords:  algae control/ dugouts/ Canada.
2119.   Petrova, N. A. and Tchernajenko, V. M.  (1993).   Blue-green algae in freshwater reservoirs.   Priroda (Nature) W8:3-9.  Keywords:  blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria.  (Russian)
2120.   Pfau, E. and Carmichael, W. W.  (1989).   Assessment of the effects of temperature and nitrate availability upon the qualitative and quantitative toxicity of microcystin-LR and demethylmicrocystin-LR from the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae S-23-G.    Toxicon 27(1):71.  Keywords:  effects/ temperature/ nitrate availability/ toxicity/ microcystin-LR/ demethylmicrocystin-LR/ Anabaena flos-aquae.
2121.   Pflugmacher, S.  (2002).   Possible allelopathic effects of cyanotoxins, with reference to microcystin-LR, in aquatic ecosystems.   Environ. Toxicol. 17(4):407-413.  Keywords:  allelopathy/ cyanobacterial toxins/ photosynthesis/ aquatic macrophytes.
2122.   Pflugmacher, S.; Codd, G. A.; and Steinberg, C. E.  (1999).   Effects of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR on detoxication enzymes in aquatic plants.   Environ. Toxicol. 14(1):111-115.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ effects/ detoxication enzymes/ aquatic plants.
2123.   Pflugmacher, S. and Wiegand, C.  (2001).  Metabolism of microcystin-LR in aquatic organisms.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: New York,  pp. 257-260.  357 pp.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ metabolism/ aquatic organisms.
2124.   Pflugmacher, S.; Wiegand, C.; Beattie, K. A.; Codd, G. A.; and Steinberg, C. E. W.  (1998).   Uptake of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR by aquatic macrophytes.   J. Appl. Bot.  72(5-6):228-232.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR uptake/ aquatic macrophytes.
2125.   Pflugmacher, S.; Wiegand, C.; Beattie, K. A.; Krause, E.; Steinberg, C. E. W.; and Codd, G. A.  (2001).   Uptake, effects, and metabolism of cyanobacterial toxins in the emergent reed plant Phragmites australis (cav.) trin. ex steud.   Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20(4):846-852.  Keywords:  microcystin/ Phragmites australis/ glutathione S-transferase/ gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase/ carboxypeptidase.
2126.   Pflugmacher, S.; Wiegand, C.; Oberemm, A.; Beattie, K. A.; Krause, E.; Codd, G. A.; and Steinberg, C. E. W.  (1998).   Identification of an enzymatically formed glutathione conjugate of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin-LR:  the first step of detoxication.   Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1425(3):527-533.  Keywords:  cyanobacterial toxin/ microcystin-LR/ detoxication enzyme/ metabolism.
2127.   Phillips, L.; Pau, D. I.; Mutton, A. F.; and Wyatt, J. T.  (1973).  A preliminary report on the toxicity of a blue-green alga Nostoc linkia.  In: Proceedings of the Tennessee Academy of Science.  Vol. 48,  pp. 4178.    Keywords:  mouse assay/ gerbil assay/ intraperitoneal/ neurotoxin.  (Abstract)
2128.   Phillips, M. J.; Roberts, R. J.; Stewart, J. A.; and Codd, G. A.  (1985).   The toxicity of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa to rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson.   J. Fish Dis. 8:339-344.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ fish/ toxicity/ rainbow trout/ Salmo gairdneri/ intraperitoneal .
2129.   Phinney, H. K. and Peek, C. A.  (1961).  Klamath Lake, an instance of natural enrichment.  In:  Algae and Metropolitan Wastes.  U.S. Dept. Health, Education and Welfare: Cincinnati, Ohio,  pp. 22-27.   Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Oregon/ eutrophication.
2130.   Piales, I.; Coursin, T.; Deloul, A-M.; Poirot, J. L.; and Tandeau de Marsac, N.  (1994).   Search for cyanobacterium-like bodies in the stools of travellers with diarrhoeal illness.   J. Eukar. Microbiol. 41(5):58S.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ diarrheal illness/ travelers.
2131.   Pietsch, J.; Bornmann, K.; and Schmidt, W.  (2002).   Relevance of intra- and extracellular cyanotoxins for drinking water treatment.   Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 30(1):7-15.  Keywords:  toxin release/ lab-scale treatment/ pilot-scale treatment/ microcystin-LR/ cyanobacterial cells/ activated carbon/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ removal/ hepatotoxins/ toxins/ flocculation/ destruction/ adsorption.
2132.   Pietsch, J.; Fichtner, S.; Imhof, L.; Schmidt, W.; and Brauch, H. J.  (2001).   Simultaneous determination of cyanobacterial hepato- and neurotoxins in water samples by ion-pair supported enrichment and HPLC-ESI-MS-MS.   Chromatographia 54(5-6):339-344.  Keywords:  column liquid chromatography/ solid phase extraction/ MS-MS detection/ algal toxins/ water samples/ cyanotoxins.
2133.   Pignatello, J. J.; Porwoll, J.; Carlson, R. E.; Xavier, A.; Gleason, F. K.; and Wood, J. M.  (1983).   Structure of the antibiotic cyanobacterin, a chlorine-containing g-lactone from the freshwater cyanobacterium Scytonema hofmanni.   J. Org. Chem. 48(22):4035-4038.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ products/ Scytonema/ antibiotic/ algicide/ antibacteria/ cyanobacterin/ IR/ mass spectrometry/ NMR/ cytotoxin.
2134.   Pilotto, L.; Hobson, P.; Burch, M.; Ranmuthugala, G.; Weightman, W.; and Attewell, R.  (2003).   Acute skin irritant effects of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in healthy volunteers.   Epidemiology 14(5 Suppl.):S34.  Keywords:  skin irritant/ cyanobacteria/ humans/ voluntary exposure.  (Meeting Abstract)
2135.   Pilotto, L. S.; Douglas, R. M.; Burch, M. D.; Cameron, S.; Beers, M.; Rouch, G. J.; Robinson, P.; Kirk, M.; Cowie, C. T.; Hardiman, S.; and Moore, S.  (1997).   Health effects of exposure to cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) during recreational water-related activities.   Aust. NZ J. Pub. Health 21(6):562-566.  Keywords:  exposure/ cyanobacteria/ health effects/ water recreational activities.
2136.   Pilotto, L. S.; Kliewer, E. V.; Davies, R. D.; Burch, M. D.; and Attewell, R. G.  (1999).   Cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) contamination in drinking-water and perinatal outcomes.   Aust. NZ J. Pub. Health 23(2):154-158.  Keywords:  drinking water contamination/ cyanobacteria.
2137.   Pinho, G. L. L.; da Rosa, C. M.; Yunes, J. S.; Luquet, C. M.; Bianchini, A.; and Monserrat, J. M.  (2003).   Toxic effects of microcystins in the hepatopancreas of the estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulatus (Decapoda, Grapsidae).   Comp. Biochem. Physiol.–C: Pharmacol. Toxicol. 135(4):459-468.  Keywords:  microcystins/ glutathione-S-transferase/ catalase/ histopathology/ B cells/ Chasmagnathus granulatus / estuarine crab/ oxidative stress.
2138.   Pires, L. M. D.; Jonker, R. R.; Van Donk, E.; and Laanbroek, H. J.  (2004).   Selective grazing by adults and larvae of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha):  application of flow cytometry to natural seston.   Freshwater Biol. 49(1):116-126.  Keywords:  biomanipulation/ clearance rate/ Europa/ phytoplankton/ toxic Microcystis aeruginosa / zebra mussel/ Dreissena polymorpha.
2139.   Pires, L. M. D.; Kusserow, R.; and Van Donk, E.  (2003).   Influence of toxic and non-toxic phytoplankton on feeding and survival of Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas) larvae.   Hydrobiologia 491(1-3):193-200.  Keywords:  zebra mussel/ phytoplankton/ toxic cyanobacteria/ survival/ grazing/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ blue-green algae/ Daphnia galeata/ food ingestion/ Lake Erie/ zooplankton/ blooms/ growth/ consumption/ Dreissena polymorpha .
2140.   Pita, R.; Anadon, A.; and Martinez-Larranaga, M. R.  (2003).   Neurotoxins with anticholinesterase activity and their possible use as warfare agents.   Medicina Clinica 121(13):511-517.  Keywords:  biological warfare agents/ chemical warfare agents/ nerve agents/ anatoxin-a(s)/ fasciculins/ onchidal/ toxins/ neurotoxins.
2141.   Pitois, S.; Jackson, M. H.; and Wood, B. J. B.  (2000).   Problems associated with the presence of cyanobacteria in recreational and drinking waters.   Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 10(3):203-218.  Keywords:  alkaloids/ hepatoxins/ microcystin/ neurotoxins/ toxic blooms.
2142.   Pleasance, S.; Ayer, S. W.; Laycock, M. V.; and Thibault, P.  (1992).   Ionspray mass spectrometry of marine toxins.  3. Analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins by flow-injection analysis, liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry.   Rapid Commun. Mass Spec. 6(1):14-24.  Keywords:  marine toxins/ mass spectrometry.
2143.   Ploutno, A. and Carmeli, S.  (2002).   Modified peptides from a water bloom of the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp.   Tetrahed. 58(50):9949-9957.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ Nostoc/ protease inhibitors/ cyclichexapeptides.
2144.   Ploutno, A. and Carmeli, S.  (2001).   Prenostodione, a novel UV-absorbing metabolite from a natural bloom of the cyanobacterium Nostoc species.   J. Natural Products 64(4):544-545.  Keywords:  UV-absorbing metabolite/ Nostoc.
2145.   Ploutno, A.; Shoshan, M.; and Carmeli, S.  (2002).   Three novel protease inhibitors from a natural bloom of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.   J. Natural Products 65(7):973-978.  Keywords:  blue-green-alga/ depsipeptide/ 298-A/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ protease inhibitors.
2146.   Plumley, F. G.  (1997).   Marine algal toxins:  biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology.   Limnol. Oceanogr. 42(5-2):1252-1264.  Keywords:  marine/ toxins/ biochemistry/ genetics/ molecular biology.
2147.   Plumley, F. G.  (2001).   Purification of an enzyme involved in saxitoxin synthesis.   J. Phycol. 37(6):926-928.  Keywords:  microalgal metabolites/ toxins.
2148.   Pollingher, U.; Hadas, O.; Yacobi, Y. Z.; Zohary, T.; and Berman, T.  (1998).   Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Forti) in Lake Kinneret, Israel.   J. Plankton Res. 20(7):1321-1339.  Keywords:  Lake Kinneret/ Israel/ Aphanizomenon ovalisporum/ bloom.
2149.   Pomati, F.  (2003).  Sodium Homeostasis and the Production of Saxitoxin in Cyanobacteria.  Ph.D. Thesis.  University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. 252 pp.    Keywords:  sodium homeostasis/ saxitoxin production/ cyanobacteria.
2150.   Pomati, F.; Manarolla, G.; Rossi, O.; Vigetti, D.; and Rossetti, C.  (2001).   The purine degradation pathway — possible role in paralytic shellfish toxin metabolism in the cyanobacterium Planktothrix sp. FP1.   Environ. Int. 27(6):463-470.  Keywords:  paralytic shellfish toxins/ cyanobacteria/ allantoicase/ purine degradation/ Chlamydomonas-reinhardtii/ saxitoxin/ analogs/ biosynthesis/ growth/ dinoflagellate/ purification/ allantoicase/ poisons/ blooms.
2151.   Pomati, F.; Neilan, B. A.; Suzuki, T.; Manarolla, G.; and Rossetti, C.  (2003).   Enhancement of intracellular saxitoxin accumulation by lidocaine hydrochloride in the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii T3 (Nostocales).   J. Phycol. 39(3):535-542.  Keywords:  Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ cyanobacteria/ growth/ lidocaine hydrochloride/ saxitoxin.
2152.   Pomati, F.; Rossetti, C.; Calamari, D.; and Neilan, B. A.  (2003).   Effects of saxitoxin (STX) and veratridine on bacerial Na+-K+ fluxes: a prokaryote-based STX bioassay.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69(12):7371-7376.  Keywords:  bioassay/ effects/ saxitoxin/ veratridine/ paralytic shellfish toxins/ sensitive sodium-channels/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii/ dinoflagellate/ neurotoxins.
2153.   Pomati, F.; Sacchi, S.; Rossetti, C.; Giovannardi, S.; Onodera, H.; Oshima, Y.; and Neilan, B. A.  (2000).   The freshwater cyanobacterium Planktothrix sp. FP1: molecular identification and detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins.   J. Phycol. 36(3):553-562.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ HPLC/ LC-MS/ Na+ channels/ patch clamp/ phycocyanin gene/ Planktothrix/ PSP/ saxitoxin/ 16S rRNA/ Lake Varese, Italy.
2154.   Poon, G. K.; Griggs, L. J.; Edwards, C.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A.  (1993).   Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry of cyanobacterial toxins.   J. Chromat. 628:215-233.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ toxins/ liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry.
2155.   Poon, G. K.; Priestley, I. M.; Hunt, S. M.; Fawell, J. K.; and Codd, G. A.  (1987).   Purification procedure for peptide toxins from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa involving high-performance thin-layer chromatography.   J. Chromat. 387:551-555.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ peptide/ purification/ HPLC.  (Technical Note)
2156.   Poon, K. F.; Lam, M. H. W.; Lam, P. K. S.; and Wong, B. S. F.  (2001).   Determination of microcystins in cyanobacterial blooms by solid-phase microextraction-high-performance liquid chromatography.   Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20(8):1648-1655.  Keywords:  solid phase microextraction/ hepatotoxins/ microcystins/ abundance profile/ cyanobacterial blooms.
2157.   Porfirio, Z.; Ribeiro, M. P.; Estevam, C. S.; Houly, R. L. S.; and Sant'Ana, A. E. G.  (1999).   Hepatosplenomegaly caused by an extract of cyanobacterium Microcystis aeuriginosa bloom collected in the Manguaba lagoon, Alagoas-Brazil.   Rev. Microbiol. 30(3):278-285.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa/ cyanobacteria/ hepatomegaly/ splenomegaly.
2158.   Porter, E.D. (1887).   Investigation of supposed poisonous vegetation in the waters of some of the lakes of Minnesota.  In:  Dept. Agric. Report 1881/86.   Pioneer Press Co.: Univ. Minnesota.  Report # Biennial Report of the Board of Regents, No. 4, Suppl. No. 1, p. 95-96.   Keywords:  Minnesota/ toxins/ cyanotoxins.
2159.   Porter, K. G. and Orcutt, J. D.  (1980).  Nutritional adequacy, manageability and toxicity as factors that determine the food quality of green and blue-green algae for Daphnia.  In: W. C. Kerfoot (ed.)  The Evolution and Ecology of Zooplankton Communities.  The Univ. Press of New England: Hanover, New Hampshire,  pp. 268-281.   Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Daphnia/ nutritional adequacy/ green algae/ blue-green algae.
2160.   Potts, M.; Hong, S.; Mockaitis, K.; Kennelly, P. J.; Reed, D.; and Tonks, N. K.  (1993).   A protein-tyrosine/serine phosphatase encoded by the genome of the cyanobacterium Nostoc commune UTEX 584.   J. Biol. Chem. 268(11):7632-7635.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ Nostoc commune/ genome/ phosphatase.
2161.   Pouria, S.; Andrade, A. de; Barbosa, J.; Cavalcanti, R. L.; Barreto, V. S. T.; Ward, C. J.; Preiser, W.; Poon, G. K.; Neild, G. H.; and Codd, G. A.  (1998).   Fatal microcystin intoxication in haemodialysis unit in Caruaru, Brazil.   The Lancet 352:21-26.  Keywords:  microcystin/ toxins/ hemodialysis/ Caruaru/ Brazil/ deaths.
2162.   Powell, C. L. and Doucette, G. J.  (1999).   A receptor binding assay for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins:  recent advances and applications.   Natural Toxins 7(6):393-400.  Keywords:  receptor binding assay/ paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)/ saxitoxin/ Alexandrium/ toxin trophic transfer/ microplate scintillation counting/ high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
2163.   Powell, M. W.  (1997).   Analysis of anatoxin-a in aqueous samples.   Chromatographia 45(Suppl.):25-28.  Keywords:  column liquid chromatography/ solid phase extraction/ algal toxins/ blue-green algae/ drinking water/ river water.
2164.   Prati, A.; Molteni, M.; Pomati, F.; Rossetti, C.; and Bernardini, G.  (2002).   Biological effect of the Planktothrix sp. FP1 cyanobacterial extract.   Toxicon 40(3):267-272.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ Planktothrix/ PSP toxins/ FETAX/ lymphocytes/ IL-2/ IFN-gamma.
2165.   Praud, A.; Valls, R.; Piovetti, L.; and Banaigs, B.  (1993).   Malyngamide-G:  proposed structure for a new chlorine-containing amide from a blue-green alga epiphyte of Cystoseira crinita  (Malyngamide G:  proposition de structure pour un Nouvel Amide Chlore d'une algue bleu-verte epiphyte de Cystoseira crinita).   Tetrahed. Lett. 34(34):5437-5440.  Keywords:  malyngamide G/ structure/ blue-green algae/  Cystoseira crinita/ cytotoxin.  (French)
2166.   Pravda, M.; Kreuzer, M. P.; and Guilbault, G. G.  (2002).   Analysis of important freshwater and marine toxins.   Analyt. Lett. 35(1):1-15.  Keywords:  toxins/ analysis/ microcystin/ anatoxin/ okadaic acid/ brevetoxin/ domoic acid/ tetrodotoxin/ biosensor/ ELISA/ HPLC/ Anabaena flos-aquae/ performance liquid chromatography/ Prince Edward Island/ cyanobacterial toxins/ domoic acid/ anatoxin-a/ fluorometric detection/ monoclonal antibody/ enzyme immunoassay/ mass spectrometry.
2167.   Prepas, E. E.; Kotak, B. G.; Campbell, L. M.; Evans, J. C.; Hrudey, S. E.; and Holmes, C. F. B.  (1997).   Accumulation and elimination of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins by the fresh-water clam Anodonta grandis simpsoniana.   Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54(1):41-46.  Keywords:   Anodonta grandis simpsoniana/ cyanobacterial hepatotoxin.
2168.   Prescott, G. W.  (1960).  Biological disturbances resulting from algal populations in standing waters.  In: The Ecology of Algae.  pp. 22-37.  Pymatuning Laboratory of Field Biology, Univ. of Pittsburgh.  Keywords:  algal blooms.
2169.   Prescott, G. W.  (1938).   Objectionable algae and their control in lakes and reservoirs.   Louisiana Municipal Rev. Vol. 1(Nos. 2 & 3 )  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ algae control/ lakes/ reservoirs.  (Unpaged reprint)
2170.   Prescott, G. W.  (1948).   Objectionable algae with reference to the killing of fish and other animals.   Hydrobiologia 1(1):1-13.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ fish deaths/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Microcystis flos-aquae/ blooms.
2171.   Prescott, G. W.  (1933).   Some effects of the blue-green algae, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, on lake fish.   Collect. Net 8(4):77-80.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Aphanizomenon.
2172.   Prescott, G. W.  (1939).  Some relationships of phytoplankton to limnology and aquatic biology.  In:  Problems of Lake Biology.  American Association of Advanced Science: Pub. #10, 65-78 pp.  Keywords:  relationship/ phytoplankton/ limnology.
2173.   Preston, T.; Stewart, W. D. P.; and Reynolds, C. S.  (1980).   Bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa overwinters on sediment surface.   Nature 288(5788):365-367.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ sediment/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ English Lake District/ inoculum/ overwinters.
2174.   Pretorius, J. A. and Eloff, J. N.  (1981).   Aspects of the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa on agar.   J. Limnol. Soc. S. Afr. 7 (2):67-71.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa/ culture/ agar.
2175.   Pretorius, J. A. and Eloff, J. N.  (1977).   Occurrence of nannocytes in Microcystis.   S. Afr. J. Sci. 73:245-246.  Keywords:  Microcystis/ nannocytes/ axenic.
2176.   Pretorius, J. A.; Krüger, G. H. J.; and Eloff, J. N.  (1977).   The release of nannocytes during the growth cycle of Microcystis.   J. Limnol. Soc. S. Afr. 3(1):17-20.  Keywords:  Microcystis growth cycle/ nannocytes.
2177.   Priestley, I. M.; Codd, G. A.; Beattie, K. A.; Hunt, S. M.; and Fawell, J. K.  (1988).   In vitro screening of cyanobacterial blooms for toxicity.   Br. Phycol. J. 23(3):294-295.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ screen/ bioassay/ toxicity.  (Meeting Abstract)
2178.   Priestley, I. M.; Poon, G. K.; Hunt, S. M.; Fawell, J. K.; and Codd, G. A.  (1987).   Purification and assay procedures for Microcystis aeruginosa peptide toxins.   Br. Phycol. J. 22(3):309-310.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ peptide/ bioassay.  (Meeting Abstract)
2179.   Prinsep, M. R.; Caplan, F. R.; Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M. L.; Honkanen, R. E.; and Boynton, A. L.  (1992).   Microcystin-LA from a blue-green alga belonging to the Stigonematales.   Phytochem. 31(4):1247-1248.  Keywords:  microcystin-LA/ Hapalosiphon hibernicus/ cyanobacteria.
2180.   Prinsep, M. R.; Caplan, F. R.; Moore, R. E.; Patterson, G. M. L.; and Smith, C. D.  (1992).   Tolyporphin, a novel multidrug resistance reversing agent from the blue-green alga Tolypothrix nodosa.   J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114(1):385-387.  Keywords:  Tolypothrix nodosa/ tumor cells.
2181.   Prinsep, M. R.; Moore, R. E.; Levine, I. A.; and Patterson, G. M. L.  (1992).   Westiellamide, a bistratamide-related cyclic peptide from the blue-green alga Westiellopsis prolifica.   J. Natural Products 55(1):140-142.  Keywords:  Westiellopsis prolifica/ westiellamide isolation.
2182.   Prinsep, M. R.; Patterson, G. M.; Larsen, L. K.; and Smith, C. D.  (1998).   Tolyporphin-J and Tolyporphin-K, 2 further porphinoid metabolites from the cyanobacterium Tolypothrix nodosa.   J. Natural Products 61(9):1133-1136.  Keywords:  porphinoid metabolites/ Tolypothrix nodosa.
2183.   Prinsep, M. R.; Thompson, R. A.; West, M. L.; and Wylie, B. L.  (1996).   Tolypodiol, an antiinflammatory diterpenoid from the cyanobacterium Tolypothrix nodosa.   J. Natural Products 59(8):786-788.  Keywords:  Tolypothrix nodosa/ antiinflammatory activity.
2184.   Prociv, P.  (1992).   Blue-green algae:  fact or fantasy.   Med. J. Aust. 156(5):366-367.  Keywords:  blue-green algae/ reality.
2185.   Prociv, P.  (1987).   Palm island reconsidered.  Was it copper poisoning?   Aust. NZ. J. Med. 17:345-349.  Keywords:  Palm Island, Queensland/ Australia/ hepato-enteritis/ algal toxicity/ copper poisoning.
2186.   Pugh, N. and Pasco, D. S.  (2001).   Characterization of human monocyte activation by a water soluble preparation of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae.   Phytomedicine 8(6):445-453.  Keywords:  Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ microalgae/ THP-1/ macrophage/ nuclear factor kappa B/ immunostimulatory.
2187.   Puiseux-Dao, S.; Bouaïcha, N.; and Diogene, G.  (2000).  Maitotoxin, okadaic acid, and microcystins:  toxins that disturb signal transduction and phosphorylations.  In: H. Rochat and M-F. Martin-Eauclaire (eds.)  Animal Toxins:  Facts and Protocols.  Birkhauser Verlag: Basel/Boston,  pp. 20-30.  365 pp.  Methods and Tools in Biosciences and Medicine.  Keywords:  microcystin/ signal transduction.
2188.   Puschner, B.; Galey, F. D.; Johnson, B.; Dickie, C. W.; Vondy, M.; Francis, T.; and Holstege, D. M.  (1998).   Blue-green algae toxicosis in cattle.   J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 213(11):1605-1607.  Keywords:  cattle toxicosis/ blue-green algae/ Burlington, Colorado.
2189.   Pybus, M. J.; Hobson, D. P.; and Onderka, D. K.  (1986).   Mass mortality of bats due to probable blue-green algae toxicity.   J. Wildlife Dis. 22(3):449-450.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Canada/ Edmonton, Alberta/ bat mortality/ bird deaths/ algal toxicity.
2190.   Pyo, D.; Choi, E.; Cha, G. S.; Lee, J.; Jung, S. Y.; and Kim, M. S.  (2003).   Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against microcystin LR.   Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 24(1):126-128.  Keywords:  microcystin/ monoclonal antibody/ cyanobacteria.
2191.   Pyo, D. and Lee, M.  (1994).   Chemical analysis of microcystins -RR and -LR in cyanobacterium using a prepacked cyano cartridge.   Chromatographia 39(7-8):427-430.  Keywords:  analysis/ microcystin-RR/ microcystin-LR/ prepacked cyano cartridge.
2192.   Pyo, D.; Park, K.; Shin, H. D.; and Moon, M.  (1999).   Extraction of microcystins from cyanobacteria by acetic acid modified supercritical CO2.   Chromatographia 49(9-10):539-542.  Keywords:  microcystin extraction/ acetic acid.
2193.   Pyo, D. and Shin, H.  (2002).   Extraction and analysis of microcystins -RR and -LR in cyanobacteria using a cyano cartridge.   J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 51(2):103-109.  Keywords:  cyano cartridge/ microcystin-RR/ microcystin-LR/ solid phase extraction.
2194.   Pyo, D. and Shin, H.  (1999).   Supercritical fluid extraction of microcystins from cyanobacteria.   Analyt. Chem. 71(20):4772-4775.  Keywords:  microcystins/ fluid extraction.
2195.   Pyo, D. J. and Kim, Y. S.  (2001).   Rapid and efficient method for extraction and isolation of microcystin-RR from the cyanobacterium.   J. Liq. Chromat. Related Technol. 24(17):2685-2696.  Keywords:  aeruginosa / toxin/ hepatotoxin/ viridis/ microcystin-RR/ extraction/ isolation.
2196.   Pyo, D. J. and Lee, S. Y.  (2002).   Rapid purification of microcystin-LR using supercritical fluid extraction and flash chromatography.   Analyt. Lett. 35(9):1591-1602.  Keywords:  microcystins/ purification/ supercritical fluid extraction.
2197.   Qiu, B. S. and Gao, K. S.  (2002).   Effects of CO2 enrichment on the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanophyceae):  physiological responses and relationships with the availability of dissolved inorganic carbon.   J. Phycol. 38(4):721-729.  Keywords:  blue-green alga/ carbon dioxide/ cyanobacterium/ dissolved inorganic carbon/ elevated CO2/ growth/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ photosynthesis.
2198.   Quershi, A. A.; Coleman, R. N.; and Paran, J. H.  (1984).  Evaluation and refinement of the Microtox test for use in toxicity screening.  In: D. Liu and B. J. Dutka (eds.)  Toxicity Screening Procedures using Bacterial Systems.  Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York,  pp. 1-22.   Keywords:  Microtox test/ toxicity screening/ bacteria.
2199.   Quilliam, M. A.  (2000).   Phycotoxins.    J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem. Int. 83(2):449-454.  Keywords:  shellfish poisoning toxins/ anatoxin-a/ liquid chromatography/ cyanobacteria toxins/ Danish lakes/ marine toxin/ mouse bioassay/ mass-spec/ homoanatoxin-a.
2200.   Quin, A. H.  (1943).   Sheep poisoning by algae.   J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 102:299.  Keywords:  algae/ poisoning/ sheep.
2201.   Quinn, R. J.; Taylor, C.; Suganuma, M.; and Fujiki, H.  (1993).   The conserved acid binding domain model of inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A:  molecular modelling aspects.   Bioorg. Medicinal Chem. Lett. 3(6):1029-1034.  Keywords:  molecular modeling/ protein phosphatases 1 and 2A inhibitors.
2202.   Råbergh, C.; Bylund, G.; Eriksson, J.E.; and Meriluoto, J.A.O. (1989).   Myrkyllisen sinilevan Oscillatoria agardhii:  n vaikutukset kaloihin.  In:  Forskningsrapport till Lahtis stad.   14 pp.    Keywords:  Oscillatoria agardhii.  (Finnish)
2203.   Råbergh, C.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Bylund, G.  (1989).  The effects of the toxic cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).  In: 10th Annual Symposium Finnish Society Toxicology.  May 19-20, 1989; Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa/ toxic/ carp/ Cyprinus carpio.  (Poster)
2204.   Råbergh, C.; Eriksson, J. E.; and Bylund, G.  (1989).  A light- and electronmicroscopical study on the effects of the toxic cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa on common carp Cyprinus carpio L.  (Diseases of fish and shellfish).  In: IV EAFP (European Association of Fish Pathologists) International Conference.  Sept. 24-28, 1989; Santiago de Compostela, Spain.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa/ toxic/ carp/ Cyprinus carpio.  (Poster)
2205.   Råbergh, C. M. I.; Bylund, G.; and Eriksson, J. E.  (1991).   Histopathological effects of microcystin-LR, a cyclic peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa, on common carp (Cyprinus carpio  L.).   Aquat. Toxicol. 20(3):131-145.  Keywords:  histopathological effects/ microcystin-LR/ cyanobacteria/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ carp/ Cyprinus carpio/ peptide toxin.
2206.   Råbergh, C. M. I.; Isomaa, B.; and Eriksson, J. E.  (1992).   The resin acids dehydroabietic acid and isopimaric acid inhibit bile acid uptake and perturb potassium transport in isolated hepatocytes from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).   Aquat. Toxicol. 23:169-180.  Keywords:  hepatocyte/ rainbow trout/ resin acid/ dehydroabietic acid/ isopimaric acid/ bile acid/ Oncorhynchus mykiss.
2207.   Rabin, P.  (1976).  Studies on the Endotoxin from the Blue-Green Alga Microcystis aeruginosa NRC-1.  Ph.D. Thesis.  University of London King's College, London, U.K.   Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ endotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa.
2208.   Rabin, P. and Darbre, A.  (1975).   An improved extraction procedure for the endotoxin from Microcystis aeruginosa NRC-1.   Biochem. Soc. Trans. 3(3):428-430.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ extraction.
2209.   Radau, G.  (2000).   Serine protease inhibiting cyanopeptides.   Pharmazie 55(8):555-560.  Keywords:  cynopeptides/ inhibit/ serine protease.
2210.   Radau, G.; Gebel, J.; and Rauh, D.  (2003).   New cyanopeptide-derived low molecular weight thrombin inhibitors.   Arch. Pharmazie 336(8):372-380.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ cyanopeptides/ peptide syntheses/ rational drug design/ thrombin inhibitors.
2211.   Radau, G.; Schermuly, S.; and Fritsche, A.  (2003).   New cyanopeptide-derived low molecular weight inhibitors of trypsin-like serine proteases.   Arch. Pharmazie 336(6-7):300-309.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ cyanopeptides/ peptide syntheses/ rational drug design/ thrombin inhibitors/ Microcystis viridis/ Verbesina caracasana.
2212.   Ragelis, E. P.  (1988).   Seafood toxins.   J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem. Int. 71(1):81-83.  Keywords:  toxins/ seafood.
2213.   Ramamurthy, V. D.  (1970).   Antibacterial activity of the marine blue-green alga Trichodesmium erythraeum in the gastro-intestinal contents of the sea gull Laurus brunicephalus.   Mar. Biol. 6:74-76.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ products/ Trichodesmium erythraeum/ antibacterial/ gastrointestinal/ sea gull/ Laurus brunicephalus.
2214.   Ramanan, S.; Tang, J.; and Velayudhan, A.  (2000).   Isolation and preparative purification of microcystin variants.   J. Chromat. A 883(1-2):103-112.  Keywords:  preparative chromatography/ microcystins/ toxins/ peptides.
2215.   Ransom, R. E.; Nerad, T. A.; and Meier, P. G.  (1978).   Acute toxicity of some blue-green algae to the protozoan Paramecium caudatum.   J. Phycol. 14:114-116.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Paramecium caudatum/ toxicity.
2216.   Rantajärvi, E. and Leppänen, J.-M. (1994).   Unattended algal monitoring on merchant ships in the Baltic Sea.  Tema Nord.   Nordic Council of Ministers: Copenhagen, Denmark.  p. 1-66, 546 pp.    Keywords:  algal monitoring/ Baltic Sea/ merchant ships.
2217.   Rao, C. S. V. R.  (1994).   Antimicrobial activity of cyanobacteria.   Indian J. Mar. Sci. 23(1):55-56.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ antimicrobial activity.
2218.   Rao, D. R.; Thangavel, C.; Kabilan, L.; Suguna, S.; Mani, T. R.; and Shanmugasundaram, S.  (1999).   Larvicidal properties of the cyanobacterium Westiellopsis sp. (blue-green algae) against mosquito vectors.   Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 93(3):232.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/ Westiellopsis/ Culex quinquefasciatus/ Culex tritaeniorhynchus/ Aedes aegypti/ Anopheles stephensi/ vector control/ mosquito.
2219.   Rao, P. V. L.; Bhaskar, A. S. B.; and Bhattacharya, R.  (1996).   Effects of nutrient media and culture duration on growth, macromolecular composition and toxicity in batch cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa.   Microbios 86:95-104.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin/ growth/ toxicity.
2220.   Rao, P. V. L. and Bhattacharya, R.  (1996).   The cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR induced DNA damage in mouse liver in vivo.   Toxicology 114:29-36.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ DNA damage/ DNA unwinding/ DNA strand breaks/ genotoxicity/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ mouse liver.
2221.   Rao, P. V. L.; Bhattacharya, R.; Gupta, N.; Parida, M. M.; Bhaskar, A. S. B.; and Dubey, R.  (2002).   Involvement of caspase and reactive oxygen species in cyanobacterial toxin anatoxin-a induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in rat thymocytes and vero cells.   Arch. Toxicol. 76(4):227-235.  Keywords:  anatoxin-a/ Anabena flos-aquae/ apoptosis/ caspase/ reactive oxygen species.
2222.   Rao, P. V. L.; Bhattacharya, R.; and Gupta, S. D.  (1994).   Isolation, culture, and toxicity of the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Microcystis aeruginosa from a freshwater source in India.   Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 52(6):878-885.  Keywords:  isolation/ culture/ toxicity/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ freshwater/ India.
2223.   Rao, P. V. L.; Gupta, N.; Bhaskar, A. S. B.; and Jayaraj, R.  (2002).   Toxins and bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria and their implications on human health.   J. Environ. Biol. 23(3):215-224.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ cyanotoxins/ microcystin/ anatoxin/ bioactive peptides.
2224.   Rapala, J.; Erkomaa, K.; Kukkonen, J.; Sivonen, K.; and Lahti, K.  (2002).   Detection of microcystins with protein phosphatase inhibition assay, high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detection and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay — comparison of methods.   Analyt. Chim. Acta 466(2):213-231.  Keywords:  microcystin/ nodularin/ detection/ protein phosphatase/ ELISA/ HPLC.
2225.   Rapala, J.; Lahti, K.; Räsänen, L. A.; Aas, P.; Esala, A. L.; Niemelä, S. I.; and Sivonen, K.  (2002).   Endotoxins associated with cyanobacteria and their removal during drinking water treatment.   Water Res. 36(10):2647-2635.  Keywords:  endotoxin concentration/ endotoxin removal/ water treatment/ cyanobacteria/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ lipopolysaccharides/ strains/ growth/ envelope/ Anabaena/ bacteria/ algae/ drinking water.
2226.   Rapala, J.; Lahti, K.; Sivonen, K.; and Niemelä, S. I.  (1994).   Biodegradability and adsorption on lake sediments of cyanobacterial hepatotoxins and anatoxin-a.   Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 19(6):423-428.  Keywords:  biodegradability/ adsorption/ lake sediments/ cyanobacterial hepatotoxins/ anatoxin-a.
2227.   Rapala, J. and Sivonen, K.  (1998).   Assessment of environmental conditions that favor hepatotoxic and neurotoxic Anabaena spp. strains cultured under light limitation at different temperatures.   Microbial Ecol. 36(2):181-192.  Keywords:  environmental conditions/ light limitation/ temperature/ Anabaena.
2228.   Rapala, J.; Sivonen, K.; Luukkainen, R.; and Niemelä, S. I.  (1993).   Anatoxin-a concentration in Anabaena and Aphanizomenon under different environmental conditions and comparison of growth by toxic and non-toxic Anabaena-strains — a laboratory study.   J. Appl. Phycol. 5(6):581-591.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ Anabaena/ Aphanizomenon/ neurotoxin/ anatoxin-a/ concentration/ growth comparison.
2229.   Rapala, J.; Sivonen, K.; Lyra, C.; and Niemelä, S. I.  (1997).   Variation of microcystins, cyanobacterial hepatotoxins, in Anabaena spp. as a function of growth stimuli.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63(6):2206-2212.  Keywords:  growth stimuli/ microcystins/ cyanobacterial hepatotoxins/ Anabaena.
2230.   Rashash, D. M. C. and Gallagher, D. L.  (1995).   An evaluation of algal enumeration.   J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 87(4):127-132.  Keywords:  algal enumeration/ Palmer-Maloney counting chamber method.
2231.   Raziuddin, S.; Siegelman, H. W.; and Tornabene, T. G.  (1983).   Lipopolysaccharides of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.   Eur. J. Biochem. 137:333-336.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ lipopolysaccharides.
2232.   Redpath, N. T. and Proud, C. G.  (1991).   Differing effects of the protein phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and microcystin on translation in reticulocyte lysates.   Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. A1093(1):36-41.  Keywords:  translation in reticulocyte lysates/ effects/ protein phosphatase inhibitors.
2233.   Reed, R. H.; Warr, S. R. C.; Richardson, D. L.; Moore, D. J.; and Stewart, W. D. P.  (1985).   Blue-green algae (cyanobacteria):  prospects and perspectives.   Plant and Soil 89:97-106.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ prospects.
2234.   Reguera, B.; Blanco, J.; Fernández, Ma. L.; and Wyatt, T.  (1998).  Harmful Algae.  Xunta de Galicia & Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO: Galicia, Spain.  635 pp.  Proceedings of the VIIIth International Conference on Harmful Algae. June 25-29, 1997; Vigo, Spain.  Keywords:  HABs/ harmful algal blooms.
2235.   Reichelt, M.; Hummert, C.; and Luckas, B.  (1999).   Hydrolysis of microcystins and nodularin by microwave-radiation.   Chromatographia 49(11-1):671-677.  Keywords:  microcystins/ nodularin/ hydrolysis.
2236.   Reifel, K. M.; McCoy, M. P.; Rocke, T. E.; Tiffany, M. A.; Hurlbert, S. H.; and Faulkner, D. J.  (2002).   Possible importance of algal toxins in the Salton Sea, California.   Hydrobiologia  473(1-3):275-292.  Keywords:  dinoflagellate/ raphidophyte/ prymnesiophyte/ Gyrodinium uncatenum/ Prorocentrum minimum/ Protoceratium reticulatum/ Gymnodinium sp./ Chattonella marina/ Pleurochrysis pseudoroscoffensis/ red tides/ eared grebe/ Podiceps nigricollis/ saline lake/ algal blooms/ Salton Sea/ California.
2237.   Reinikainen, M.  (1997).  Acute and Sublethal Effects of Cyanobacteria with Different Toxic Properties on Cladocerean Zooplankton.  Ph.D. Thesis.   Åbo Akademi University, Åbo, Finland.   Keywords:  effects/ cyanobacteria/ zooplankton.
2238.   Reinikainen, M.; Ketola, M.; Jantunen, M.; and Walls, M.  (1995).   Effects of Microcystis aeruginosa exposure and nutritional status on the reproduction of Daphnia pulex.   J. Plankton Res. 17(2):431-436.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa/ Daphnia pulex/ exposure/ nutrition/ reproduction.
2239.   Reinikainen, M.; Ketola, M.; and Walls, M.  (1994).   Effects of the concentrations of toxic Microcystis aeruginosa and an alternative food on the survival of Daphnia pulex.   Limnol. Oceanogr. 39(2):424-432.  Keywords:  toxic Microcystis aeruginosa/ Daphnia pulex/ survival/ nutrition.
2240.   Reinikainen, M.; Kiviranta, J.; Ulvi, V.; and Niku-Paavola, M. L.  (1995).   Acute toxic effects of a novel cyanobacterial toxin on the crustaceans Artemia salina and Daphnia pulex.   Arch. Hydrobiol. 133(1):61-69.  Keywords:  toxicity testing/ toxins/ Crustacea/ Artemia salina/ Daphnia pulex/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ cyanobacteria/ dose/ response effects/ Cyanophyta.
2241.   Reinikainen, M.; Lindvall, F.; Meriluoto, J. A. O.; Repka, S.; Sivonen, K.; Spoof, L.; and Wahlsten, M.  (2002).   Effects of dissolved cyanobacterial toxins on the survival and egg hatching of estuarine calanoid copepods.   Mar. Biol. 140(3):577-583.  Keywords:  Anabaena flos-aquae/ Eurytemora affinis/ Acartia tonsa/ Baltic sea/ bloom/ reproduction/ zooplankton/ toxicity/ Daphnia/ food.
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2243.   Remer, F.  (1943).   Sheep poisoned by algae.   J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 102:299.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ sheep poisoning.
2244.   Repavich, W. M.; Sonzogni, W. C.; Standridge, J. H.; Wedepohl, R. E.; and Meisner, L. F.  (1990).   Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in Wisconsin waters:  acute and chronic toxicity.   Water Res. 24(2):225-231.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/ algae/ mutagen/ limnology/ biotesting/ toxin/ health effects/ algal bloom/ freshwater/ water isolates/ clastogenicity/ mice/ Cyanophyta/ USA/ Wisconsin/ acute toxicity/ chronic toxicity.
2245.   Repka, S.; Mehtonen, J.; Vaitomaa, J.; Saari, L.; and Sivonen, K.  (2001).   Effects of nutrients on growth and nodularin production of Nodularia strain GR8b.   Microbial Ecol. 42(4):606-613.  Keywords:  blue-green-algae/ Baltic Sea/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ hepatotoxin production/ cyanobacteria/ Spumigena/ protein/ phytoplankton/ limitation/ phosphorus.
2246.   Reshef, V. and Carmeli, S.  (2001).   Protease inhibitors from a water bloom of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.   Tetrahed. 57(14):2885-2894.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ protease inhibitors.
2247.   Reshef, V. and Carmeli, S.  (2002).   Schizopeptin 791, a new anabeanopeptin-like cyclic peptide from the cyanobacterium Schizothrix sp.   J. Natural Products 65(8):1187-1189.  Keywords:  hexapeptides/ inhibitors/ Schizothrix .
2248.   Reskone, M. N. and Torokne, A. K.  (2000).   Toxic Microcystis aeruginosa in Lake Velencei.   Environ. Toxicol. 15(5):554-557.  Keywords:  cyanobacterial bloom/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ cyanotoxin/ Lake Velencei, Hungary.
2249.   Ressom, R.; Soong, F. S.; Fitzgerald, J.; Turczynowicz, L.; El Saadi, O.; Roder, D. M.; Maynard, T., and Falconer, I. R.  (1994).  Health Effects of Toxic Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae).  Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra, ACT, Australia. 108 pp.   Keywords:  toxic cyanobacteria/ health effects.
2250.   Reyero, M.; Cacho, E.; Martinez, A.; Vazquez, J.; Marina, A.; Fraga, S.; and Franco, J. M.  (1999).   Evidence of saxitoxin derivatives as causative agents in the 1997 mass mortality of monk seals in the Cape Blanc peninsula.   Natural Toxins 7(6):311-315.  Keywords:  monk seals/ mass mortality/ PSP toxins/ HPLC/ MS/ Cape Blanc, Western Sahara coast.
2251.   Reyes-Vasquez, G.  (1985).  Effects of environmental factors on the biosynthesis of hemolytic toxins by the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. Miami BG116S.  Thesis,  . 113 pp.    Keywords:  cyano/ Synechococcus/ toxin/ marine.  (Univ. Microfilms Int. Order No DA 8522774)
2252.   Reynolds, C. S.  (1980).   Cattle deaths and blue-green algae:  a possible instance from Chesire, England.   J. Inst. Water Eng. Sci. 34:74-76.  Keywords:  England/ cattle death/ blue-green algae/ cyanobacteria.
2253.   Reynolds, C. S.  (1971).   The ecology of the planktonic blue-green algae in the North Shropshire meres, England.   Field Stud. 3(3):409-432.  Keywords:  ecology/ blue-green algae/ England.
2254.   Reynolds, C. S.  (1972).   Growth, gas vacuolation and buoyancy in a natural population of a planktonic blue-green alga.   Freshwater Biol. 2:87-106.  Keywords:  planktonic blue-green algae/ growth/ gas vacuolation/ buoyancy/ waterblooms.
2255.   Reynolds, C. S. and Jaworski, G. H. M.  (1978).   Enumeration of natural Microcystis populations.   Br. Phycol. J. 13:269-277.  Keywords:  cell concentrations/ Microcystis/ populations.
2256.   Reynolds, C. S.; Jaworski, G. H. M.; Cmiech, H. A.; and Leedale, G. F.  (1981).   On the annual cycle of the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz. emend. Elenkin.   Philosoph. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B. Biol. Sci. 293(1068):419-477.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa/ cycle/ cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae.
2257.   Reynolds, C. S. and Rogers, D. A.  (1976).   Seasonal variations in the vertical distribution and buoyancy of Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz. emend. Elenken in Rostherne mere, England.   Hydrobiologia 48(1):17-23.  Keywords:  England/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ seasonal variation/ distribution/ buoyancy/ overwinter/ sediment.
2258.   Rho, M. C.; Matsunaga, K.; Yasuda, K.; and Ohizumi, Y.  (1996).   A novel monogalactosylacylglycerol with inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation from the Cyanophyceae Oscillatoria rosea.   J. Natural Products 59(3):308-309.  Keywords:  inhibition/ platelet aggregation/ Oscillatoria rosea.
2259.   Richard, D. S.; Beattie, K. A.; and Codd, G. A.  (1983).   Toxicity of cyanobacterial blooms from Scottish freshwaters.    Environ. Technol. Lett. 4:377.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Scotland/ freshwater/ blooms/ toxicity.
2260.   Richardson, K.  (1997).   Harmful or exceptional phytoplankton blooms in the marine ecosystem (review).   Adv. Mar. Biol. 31:301-385.  Keywords:  marine/ blooms/ harmful algal blooms/ phytoplankton.
2261.   Richardson, L. L.  (1997).   Occurrence of the black band disease cyanobacterium on healthy coral of the Florida Keys.   Bull. Mar. Sci. 61(2):485-490.  Keywords:  Florida/ marine/ black band disease/ corals/ cyanobacterium/  Oscillatoria submembranaceae/ Phormidium corallyticum.
2262.   Ricketts, T. R.  (1977).   A continuous synchronous culture and sampling system for algae.   J. Exp. Bot. 28(103):416-424.  Keywords:  culture/ algae/ axenic.
2263.   Rinehart, K. L.  (1989).   Biologically active marine natural products.   Pure Appl. Chem. 61(3):525-528.  Keywords:  marine natural products/ biologically active compounds.
2264.   Rinehart, K. L.  (1992).  Secondary metabolites from marine organisms.  In: 1992 Secondary Metabolites:  their Function and Evolution  — Ciba Foundation Symposium.  Wiley: Chichester.  Vol. 171,  pp. 236-254.    Keywords:  marine/ secondary metabolites/ biosynthesis.
2265.   Rinehart, K. L.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Namikoshi, M.  (1996).   9-Deazaadenosine and its 5'-alpha-D-glycopyranoside isolated from the cyanobacterium Anabaena affinis strain VS-1.   Off. Gaz. U.S. Patent Trade. Off. Patents 1191(5):3509.  Keywords:  9-Deazaadenosine/ isolated/ Anabaena affinis.
2266.   Rinehart, K. L.; Carmichael, W. W.; and Namikoshi, M.  (1997).   9-Deazaadenosine and its 5'-alpha-D-glycopyranoside isolated from the cyanobacterium Anabaena affinis strain VS-1.   Off. Gaz. U.S. Patent Trade. Off. Patents 1204(1):432.  Keywords:  9-Deazaadenosine/ isolated/  Anabaena affinis.
2267.   Rinehart, K. L.; Harada, K-I.; Namikoshi, M.; Chen, C.; Harvis, C. A.; Munro, M. H. G.; Blunt, J. W.; Mulligan, P. E.; Beasley, V. R.; Dahlem, A. M.; and Carmichael, W. W.  (1988).   Nodularin, microcystin and the configuration of Adda.    J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110(25):8557-8558.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ Nodularia/ nodularin/ microcystin/ related toxins/ configuration.
2268.   Rinehart, K. L.; Namikoshi, M.; and Choi, B. W.  (1994).   Structure and biosynthesis of toxins from blue-green algae (cyanobacteria).   J. Appl. Phycol. 6(2):159-176.  Keywords:  cyanobacterial toxins/ biosynthesis/ nodularin/ microcystins/ protein phosphatases/ structure assignment/ mass spectrometry/ metabolism/ Microcystis/ Nodularia.
2269.   Rinehart, K. L.; Namikoshi, M.; Thompson, A. G.; Shield, L. S.; Gäde, G.; Grimuelikhuijzen, C. J. P.; Carmichael, W. W.; Sivonen, K.; Doughty, C. C.; and Grimshaw, C. E.  (1991).  Tandem mass spectrometry (FAB ms/ms) studies of peptides and proteins.  In: Atta-ur Rahman, (ed.)   Studies in Natural Products Chemistry.  Elsevier Sci. Publ.: Amsterdam.  9,  pp. 487-507.  Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Natural Products Chemistry. January 27-February 2, 1990; Karachi, Pakistan.  Keywords:  tandem mass spectrometry/ peptides/ proteins.
2270.   Rinehart, K. L.; Shaw, P. D.; Shield, L. S.; Gloer, J. B.; Harbour, G. C.; Koker, M. E. S.; Samain, D.; Schwartz, R. E.; Tymiak, A. A.; Weller, D. L.; Carter, G. T.; Munro, M. H. G.; Hughes, R. G.; Renia, H. E.; Swynenberg, E. B.; Stringfellow, D. A.; Vava, J. J.; Coats, J. H.; Zurenko, G. E.; Kuentzel, S. L.; Li, L. H.; Bakus, G. J.; Brunsca, R. C.; Craft, L. L.; Young, D. N.; and Conner, J. L.  (1981).   Marine natural products as sources of antiviral, antimicrobial and antineoplastic agents.   Pure Appl. Chem. 53:795-817.  Keywords:  marine natural products/ antiviral/ antimicrobial/ antineoplastic.
2271.   Rivas, M.; Garcia, C; Liberona, J. L.; and Lagos, N.  (2000).   Biochemical characterization and inhibitory effects of dinophysistoxin-1, okadaic acid and microcystin-LR on protein phosphatase 2A purified from the mussel Mytilus chilensis.   Biological Res. 33(3-4):197-206.  Keywords:  Chile/ DSP/ diarrhetic shellfish poisoning/ mussel/ Mytilus chilensis/ protein phosphatase 2A/ microcystin-LR.
2272.   Rivasseau, C. and Hennion, M. C.  (1999).   Potential of immunoextraction coupled to analytical and bioanalytical methods (liquid-chromatography, ELISA kit and phosphatase inhibition test) for an improved environmental monitoring of cyanobacterial toxins.   Analyt. Chim. Acta 399(1-2):75-87.  Keywords:  immunoextraction/ liquid chromatography/ ELISA/ phosphatase inhibition/ monitoring/ cyanotoxins.
2273.   Rivasseau, C.; Hennion, M. C.; and Sandra, P.  (1996).   Determination of microcystins in cyanobacterial samples using microliquid chromatography.   J. Microcol. Separ. 8:541-551.  Keywords:  microliquid chromatography/ micropacked chromatography/ blue-green algae/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Oscillatoria agardhii/ cyanobacterial toxins/ microcystins.
2274.   Rivasseau, C.; Martins, S.; and Hennion, M. C.  (1998).   Determination of some physicochemical parameters of microcystins (cyanobacterial toxins) and trace level analysis in environmental samples using liquid chromatography.   J. Chromat. A 799(1-2):155-169.  Keywords:  trace analysis/ physicochemical parameters/ microcystins/ cyanobacterial toxins/ toxins.
2275.   Rivasseau, C.; Racaud, P.; Deguin, A.; and Hennion, M. C.  (1999).   Development of a bioanalytical phosphatase inhibition test for the monitoring of microcystins in environmental water samples.   Analyt. Chim. Acta 394(2-3):243-257.  Keywords:  microcystins/ monitoring/ test/ bioanalytical phosphatase inhibition.
2276.   Rivasseau, C.; Racaud, P.; Deguin, A.; and Hennion, M. C.  (1999).   Evaluation of an ELISA kit for the monitoring of microcystins (cyanobacterial toxins) in water and algae environmental samples.   Environ. Sci. Technol. 33(9):1520-1527.  Keywords:  ELISA kit/ evaluation/ microcystins.
2277.   Rivasseau, C.; Vanhoenacker, G.; Sandra, P.; and Hennion, M. C.  (2000).   On-line solid-phase extraction in microcolumn-liquid chromatography coupled to UV or MS detection: Application to the analysis of cyanobacterial toxins.   J. Microcol. Separ. 12(5):323-332.  Keywords:  environmental analysis/ on-line SPE-micro-LC/ on-line SPE-micro-LC-MS/ microbore chromatography/ microprecolumn/ microcystins/ cyanobacterial toxins.
2278.   Robarts, R. D. and Zohary, T.  (1984).   Microcystis aeruginosa and underwater light attenuation in a hypertrophic lake (Hartbeespoort Dam, South Africa).   J. Ecol. 72:1001-1017.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa/ Hartbeespoort Dam/ South Africa/ phytoplankton dynamics/ productivity/ underwater light attenuation.
2279.   Robertson, P. K.; Lawton, L. A.; Cornish, B. J. P.; and Jaspars, M.  (1998).   Processes influencing the destruction of microcystin-LR by TiO2 photocatalysis.   J. Photochem. Photobiol. A-Chem. 116(3):215-219.  Keywords:  destruction/ microcystin-LR/ photocatalysis.
2280.   Robertson, P. K. J.; Lawton, L. A.; and Cornish, B. J. P. A.  (1999).   The involvement of phycocyanin pigment in the photodecomposition of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR.   J. Porphyrins Phthalocyanines 3(6-7):544-551.  Keywords:  photocatalysis/ photo-oxygenation/ singlet oxygen/ cyanobacteria/ toxin/ microsystin-LR/ decomposition.
2281.   Robertson, P. K. J.; Lawton, L. A.; Münch, B.; and Rouzade, J.  (1997).   Destruction of cyanobacterial toxins by semiconductor photocatalysis.   Chem. Commun. 4:393-394.  Keywords:  cyanobacterial toxins/ destruction/ semiconductor photocatalysis.
2282.   Robertson, S. J.; Pierce, M. J.; and Warner, J. A.  (1993).   Effects of cyclosporine A and nodularin, two inhibitors of protein phosphatases, on histamine release from human basophils.   Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 147(4):A932.  Keywords:  effects/ cyclosporine A/ nodularin/ histamine release/ human basophils.  (Meeting Abstract)
2283.   Robillot, C.; Vinh, J.; Puiseux-Dao, S.; and Hennion, M. C.  (2000).   Hepatotoxin production kinetics of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7820, as determined by HPLC-mass spectrometry and protein phosphatase bioassay.   Environ. Sci. Technol. 34(16):3372-3378.  Keywords:  toxicity/ toxins/ growth/ chromatography/ temperature/ extraction/ waters/ UV-006.
2284.   Robinson, C. P.; Franz, D. R.; and Bondura, M. E.  (1991).   Effects of lyngbyatoxin A from the blue-green alga Lyngbya majuscula on rabbit aorta contractions.   Toxicon 29(8):1009-1017.  Keywords:  freshwater/ aorta/ rabbits/ muscles/ heart/ Lyngbya majuscula/ Cyanophyta/ lyngbyatoxin A/ effects on/ contraction/ biological poisons.
2285.   Robinson, N. A.; Matson, C. F.; and Pace, J. G.  (1991).   Association of microcystin-LR and its biotransformation product with a hepatic-cytosolic protein.   J. Biochem. Toxicol. 6(3):171-180.  Keywords:  microcystin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ protein phosphatases/ okadaic acid/ protein binding/ biotransformation/ metabolism/ in vitro activity/ microcystin-LR.
2286.   Robinson, N. A.; Miura, G. A.; Matson, C. F.; Dinterman, R. E.; and Pace, J. G.  (1989).   Characterization of chemically tritiated microcystin-LR and its distribution in mice.   Toxicon 27(9):1035-1042.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ mice/ toxins/ mice/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ toxicology/ characterization/ distribution/ biological poisons.
2287.   Robinson, N. A.; Pace, J. G.; Matson, C. F.; Miura, G. A.; and Lawrence, W. B.  (1991).   Tissue distribution, excretion and hepatic biotransformation of microcystin-LR in mice.   J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 256(1):176-182.  Keywords:  microcystin-LR/ mice/ tissue distribution/ hepatic biotransformation/ excretion.
2288.   Rodas, V. L. and Costas, E.  (1999).   Preference of mice to consume Microcystis aeruginosa (toxin-producing cyanobaceria)— a possible explanation for numerous fatalities of livestock and wildlife.   Res. Vet. Sci. 67(1):107-110.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeruginosa/ mice/ explanation/ livestock and wildlife fatalities.
2289.   Rodger, H. D.; Turnbull, T.; Edwards, C.; and Codd, G. A.  (1994).   Cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) bloom associated pathology in brown trout, Salmo  trutta L. in Loch Leven, Scotland.   J. Fish Dis. 17(2):177-181.  Keywords:  Loch Leven/ Scotland/ cyanobacterial bloom/ trout pathology/ Salmo trutta L./ Anabaena flos-aquae.
2290.   Rodríguez-Vázquez, J. A.; Martinez, A. G.; Oshima, Y.; Sugino, K.; Lee, J. S.; and Yasumoto, T.  (1989).  Analysis of toxins in mussels from the Atlantic coast of Spain.  In: S. Natori, K. Hashimoto, and Y. Ueno, (eds.)  Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins '88, a Collection of Invited Papers Presented at the 7th International IUPAC Symposium.  Elsevier Science Publishers: Amsterdam, Netherlands.  pp. 367-374.  484 pp.  Bioactive Molecules. Vol. 10.  August 16-19, 1988; Tokyo, Japan.  Keywords:  Spain/ mussels/ toxins/ analysis.
2291.   Roelke, D. and Buyukates, Y.  (2002).   Dynamics of phytoplankton succession coupled to species diversity as a system-level tool for study of Microcystis population dynamics in eutrophic lakes.   Limnol. Oceanogr. 47(4):1109-1118.  Keywords:  food webs/ competition/ nutrient/ blooms/ model/ cyanobacteria/ biodiversity/ stability/ estuarine/ biomass.
2292.   Rogers, K. R.; Fernando, J. C.; Thompson, R. G.; Valdes, J. J.; and Eldefrawi, M. E.  (1992).   Detection of nicotinic receptor ligands with a light addressable potentiometric sensor.   Analyt. Biochem. 202(1):111-116.  Keywords:  biosensor/ nicotinic receptor/ detection/ light addressable potentiometric sensor/ anatoxin-a.
2293.   Rohrlack, T.; Christoffersen, K.; Hansen, P. E.; Zhang, W.; Czarnecki, O.; Henning, M.; Fastner, J.; Erhard, M.; Neilan, B. A.; and Kaebernick, M.  (2003).   Isolation, characterization, and quantitative analysis of microviridin J, a new Microcystis metabolite toxic to Daphnia.   J. Chem. Ecol. 29(8):1757-1770.  Keywords:  Microcystis/ cyanobacteria/ Daphnia/ microviridin/ NMR/ microcystin/ environmental toxins/ cyanotoxin.
2294.   Rohrlack, T.; Dittmann, E.; Börner, T.; and Christoffersen, K.  (2001).   Effects of cell-bound microcystins on survival and feeding of Daphnia spp.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67(8):3523-3529.  Keywords:  fresh water/ cyanobacterial toxins/ protein.
2295.   Rohrlack, T.; Dittmann, E.; Henning, M.; Börner, T.; and Kohl, J-G.  (1999).   Role of microcystins in poisoning and food ingestion inhibition of Daphnia galeata caused by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65(2):737-739.  Keywords:  microcystins/ poisoning/ food ingestion inhibition/ Daphnia galeata/ cyanobacterium/ Microcystis aeruginosa.
2296.   Rohrlack, T.; Henning, M.; and Kohl, J. G.  (1999).   Does the toxic effect of Microcystis aeruginosa on Daphnia galeata depend on microcystin ingestion rate?   Arch. Hydrobiol. 146(4):385-395.  Keywords:  toxic effect/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Daphnia galeata/ microcystin/ filtering rate/ zooplankton/ cyanobacteria/ inhibition/ blooms.
2297.   Rohrlack, T.; Henning, M.; and Kohl, J. G.  (2001).  Isolation and characterization of colony-forming Microcystis aeruginosa strains.  In: I. Chorus (ed.)  Cyanotoxins:  Occurrence, Causes, Consequences.  Springer-Verlag: New York,  pp. 152-158.  357 pp.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ isolation/ characterization/ Microcystis aeruginosa.
2298.   Rojas, M.; Nuñez, M. T.; and Zambrano, F.  (1990).   Inhibitory effect of a toxic peptide isolated from a waterbloom of  Microcystis sp. (cyanobacteria) on iron uptake by rabbit reticulocytes.   Toxicon 28(11):1325-1332.  Keywords:  toxic peptide/ Microcystis waterbloom/ iron uptake/ rabbit reticulocytes/ inhibitory effect.
2299.   Romanowska-Duda, Z.; Mankiewicz, J.; Tarczynska, M.; Walter, Z.; and Zalewski, M.  (2002).   The effect of toxic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) on water plants and animal cells.   Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 11(5):561-566.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ Aphanizomenon flos-aquae/ microcystin-LR/ MC-LR/ Spirodela oligorrhiza/ rat hepatocytes/ morphological changes.
2300.   Romanowska-Duda, Z. and Tarczynska, M.  (2002).   The influence of microcystin-LR and hepatotoxic cyanobacterial extract on the water plant Spirodela oligorrhiza.   Environ. Toxicol. 17(5):434-440.  Keywords:  Spirodela oligorrhiza/ cyanobacterial extract/ microcystin-LR.
2301.   Rose, E. T.  (1954).   Blue-green algae control at Storm Lake.   Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 61:604-614.  Keywords:  blue-green algae/ control/ Iowa.
2302.   Rose, E. T.  (1953).   Toxic algae in Iowa lakes.   Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 60:738-745.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Iowa.
2303.   Rosenberg, M.  (1937).   Algae and trout—a biological aspect of the poor trout season in 1937.   Salmon Trout Mag. 89:313-322.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Scotland/ trout fishing/ Northern Ireland.
2304.   Rositano, J.; Newcombe, G.; Nicholson, B.; and Sztajnbok, P.  (2001).   Ozonation of NOM and algal toxins in four treated waters.   Water Res. 35(1):23-32.  Keywords:  cyanotoxins/ algal toxins/ ozone/ drinking water treatment/ natural organic material/ characterization.
2305.   Rositano, J.; Nicholson, B. C.; and Pieronne, P.  (1998).   Destruction of cyanobacterial toxins by ozone.   Ozone-Sci. Eng. 20(3):223-238.  Keywords:  destruction/ toxins/ ozone.
2306.   Ross, M.M. and Kidwell, D.A. (1987).   Mass spectrometric analysis of anatoxin-a and saxitoxin.  In:  Annual Report for USAMRIID.   Contract No. 86MM6502, March 1986-March 1987.  10 pp.    Keywords:  anatoxin-a/ saxitoxin/ mass spectrometric analysis/ analysis comparison/ LC-MS/ GC-MS/ SIMS/ FABMS.
2307.   Ross, M.M. and Kidwell, D.A. (1987).   Rapid screening and structural characterization of toxins by mass spectrometry.  In:  Annual Report for USAMRIID.   U.S. Govt. Printing Office: Virginia.  Report # Contract No. 86MM6502 (March 1986 to March 1987). 10 pp.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ mass spectrometry analysis.
2308.   Ross, M. M.; Kidwell, D. A.; and Callahan, J. H.  (1989).   Mass-spectrometric analysis of anatoxin-a.   J. Analyt. Toxicol. 13(6):317-321.  Keywords:  SIMS/ GC-MS/ DCI-MS/ TSP-MS/ analysis comparison/ anatoxin-a/ MS-MS.
2309.   Rossi, J. V.; Roberts, M. A.; Yoo, H. D.; and Gerwick, W. H.  (1997).   Pilot-scale culture of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula for its pharmaceutically-useful natural metabolite curacin A.   J. Appl. Phycol. 9(3):195-204.  Keywords:  culture/ marine cyanobacterium/ Lyngbya majuscula/ curacin A.
2310.   Rothhaupt, K. O.  (1989).   The influence of toxic and filamentous blue-green algae on feeding and population growth of the rotifer Brachionus rubens.   Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 24(5):2760.  Keywords:  Brachionus rubens/ toxic/ filamentous/ blue-green algae/ feeding/ population.  (Proceedings XXIV Congress Int. Assoc. Limnology — Abstract)
2311.   Rothhaupt, K. O.  (1991).   The influence of toxic and filamentous blue-green algae on feeding and population growth of the rotifer Brachionus rubens.   Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 76(1):67-72.  Keywords:  influence/ blue-green algae/ feeding/ population growth/ rotifer/ Brachionus rubens.
2312.   Rouhiainen, L.; Sivonen, K.; Buikema, W. J.; and Haselkorn, R.  (1995).   Characterization of toxin-producing cyanobacteria by using an oligonucleotide probe containing a tandemly repeated heptamer.   J. Bacteriol. 177(20):6021-6026.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ toxin/ oligonucleotide probe/ hepatotoxic/ neurotoxic.
2313.   Rowell, P. P.; Albuquerque, E. X.; and Wonnacott, S.  (1990).   Subchronic administration of the nicotinic agonist (+) anatoxin-a produces up-regulation of [3H]-nicotine binding sites in rat striatal synaptosomes.   FASEB J. 4(1108):A457.  Keywords:  anatoxin-a/ rat striatal synaptosomes/ receptor up-regulation.  (Abstract)
2314.   Rowell, P. P. and Wonnacott, S.  (1990).   Evidence for functional activity of up-regulated nicotine binding sites in rat striatal synaptosomes.   J. Neurochem. 55(6):2105-2110.  Keywords:  nicotine/ dopomine release/ (+)-anatoxin-a/ receptor up-regulation.
2315.   Ruberu, S. R.; Liu, Y. G.; Wong, C. T.; Perera, S. K.; Langlois, G. W.; Doucette, G. J.; and Powell, C. L.  (2003).   Receptor binding assay for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins: optimization and interlaboratory comparison.   J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem. Int. 86(4):737-745.  Keywords:  mouse bioassay/ saxitoxin/ standardization/ synaptosomes/ PSP.
2316.   Rudi, K.; Larsen, F.; and Jakobsen, K. S.  (1998).   Detection of toxin-producing cyanobacteria by use of paramagnetic beads for cell concentration and DNA purification.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64(1):34-37.  Keywords:  cyanobacteria/ toxin/ detection/ paramagnetic beads/ cell concentration/ DNA purification.
2317.   Rudi, K.; Skulberg, O. M.; and Jakobsen, K. S.  (1998).   Evolution of cyanobacteria by exchange of genetic material among phyletically related strain.   J. Bacteriol. 180(13):3453-3461.  Keywords:  evolution of cyanobacteria/ phyletically related strains.
2318.   Rudi, K.; Skulberg, O. M.; Larsen, F.; and Jakobsen, K. S.  (1998).   Quantification of toxic cyanobacteria in water by use of competitive PCR followed by sequence-specific labeling of oligonucleotide probes.   Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64(7):2639-2643.  Keywords:  nucleic acid based assay/ quantification/ toxic cyanobacteria/ oligonucleotide probe.
2319.   Rudolph-Böhner, S.; Mierke, D. F.; and Moroder, L.  (1994).   Molecular structure of the cyanobacterial tumor-promoting microcystins.   FEBS Lett. 349(3):319-323.  Keywords:  microcystin/ three-dimensional structure/ NMR/ distance geometry/ structure-function relationship/ cyanobacteria.
2320.   Rudolph-Böhner, S.; Wu, J-T.; and Moroder, L.  (1993).   Identification and characterization of microcystin-LY from Microcystis aeruginosa (strain 298).   Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 374(8):635-640.  Keywords:  Microcystis aeurginosa/ cyanobacterium/ hepatotoxin/ NMR/ structure determination.
2321.   Runnegar, M. T. C.; Andrews, J.; Gerdes, R. G.; and Falconer, I. R.  (1987).   Injury to hepatocytes induced by a peptide toxin from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.   Toxicon 25(11):1235-1239.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ peptide/ hepatotoxin.
2322.   Runnegar, M. T. C.; Berndt, N.; and Kaplowitz, N.  (1991).   Identification of hepatic protein phosphatases as novel critical targets for the hepatotoxicity of microcystin in vivo.   Hepatology 14(4):A159.  Keywords:  hepatic protein phosphatases/ identification/ targets/ microcystin.  (Meeting Abstract)
2323.   Runnegar, M. T. C.; Berndt, N.; and Kaplowitz, N.  (1995).   Microcystin uptake and inhibition of protein phosphatases:  effects of chemoprotectants and self-inhibition in relation to known hepatic transporters.   Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 134(2):264-272.  Keywords:  microcystin/ protein phostatases/ chemoprotectants/ hepatic transporters/ PP inhibition.
2324.   Runnegar, M. T. C.; Berndt, N.; Kong, S-M.; Lee, E. Y. C; and Zhang, L. F.  (1995).   In vivo and in vitro binding of microcystin to protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.   Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 216(1):162-169.  Keywords:  microcystin/ protein phosphatases 1 and 2A/ binding.
2325.   Runnegar, M. T. C.; Deleve, L. D.; and Berndt, N.  (1994).   The effects of the protein phosphatase inhibitors and microcystin and calyculin A differ in hepatocytes and hepatic endothelial cells.   FASEB J. 8(7):1231.  Keywords:  different effects/ microcytsin/ calyculin A/ hepatocytes/ hepatic endothelial cells.  (Meeting Abstract)
2326.   Runnegar, M. T. C. and Falconer, I. R.  (1986).   Effect of toxin from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa on ultrastructural morphology and actin polymerization in isolated hepatocytes.   Toxicon 24(2):109-115.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ hepatotoxin.
2327.   Runnegar, M. T. C. and Falconer, I. R.  (1982).   The in vivo and in vitro biological effects of the peptide hepatotoxin from the blue-green alga  Microcystis aeruginosa.   S. Afr. J. Sci. 78:363-366.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ peptide/ hepatotoxin.
2328.   Runnegar, M. T. C. and Falconer, I. R.  (1981).  Isolation, characterization and pathology of the toxin from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa.  In: W. W. Carmichael (ed.)  The Water Environment:  Algal Toxins and Health.  Plenum Press: New York,  pp. 325-342.  491 pp.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis.
2329.   Runnegar, M. T. C. and Falconer, I. R.  (1975).  Isolation of toxin from a naturally occurring algal bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa (= Anacystis cyanea).  Proceedings of the Australian Biochemical Society.  Vol. 8,  pp. 5.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ Anacystis.  (Abstract)
2330.   Runnegar, M. T. C. and Falconer, I. R.  (1980).  Variation with temperature of toxin production in cultures of the blue-green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa.  In: Aust. Soc. Aquat. Bot. Phycol. Inaugural Meeting.    Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ temperature.  (Abstract)
2331.   Runnegar, M. T. C.; Falconer, I. R.; Buckley, T.; and Jackson, A. R. B.  (1986).   Lethal potency and tissue distribution of 125I-labelled toxic peptides from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa.   Toxicon 24(5):506-509.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ tissue distribution.
2332.   Runnegar, M. T. C.; Falconer, I. R.; Jackson, A. R. B.; and McInnes, A.  (1983).   Toxin production of Microcystis aeruginosa cultures.   Toxicon(3 Suppl.):377-380.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ toxin production.
2333.   Runnegar, M. T. C.; Falconer, I. R.; and Silver, J.  (1981).   Deformation of isolated rat hepatocytes by a peptide hepatotoxin from the blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa.   Naunyn-Schmied. Arch. Pharmacol. 317(3):268-272.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Microcystis/ peptide/ hepatotoxin.
2334.   Runnegar, M. T. C.; Gerdes, R. G.; and Falconer, I. R.  (1991).   The uptake of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin by isolated rat hepatocytes.   Toxicon 29(1):43-51.  Keywords:  cyanobacterial hepatotoxin/ microcystin/ uptake/ rat/ hepatocytes.
2335.   Runnegar, M. T. C.; Jackson, A. R. B.; and Falconer, I. R.  (1988).   Toxicity of the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena Mertens.   Toxicon 26(2):143-151.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Nodularia spumigena/ toxicity.
2336.   Runnegar, M. T. C.; Jackson, A. R. B.; and Falconer, I. R.  (1988).   Toxicity to mice and sheep of a bloom of the cynaobacterium (blue-green alga) Anabaena circinalis.   Toxicon 26(6):599-602.  Keywords:  cyanotoxin/ Anabaena circinalis/ mice/ sheep/ toxicity.
2337.   Runnegar, M. T. C.; Kong, S-M.; and Berndt, N.  (1993).   Protein phosphatase inhibition and in vivo hepatotoxicity of microcystins.   Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 265(2):G224-G230.  Keywords:  liver/ cyanobacteria/ blue-green algae/ Microcystis aeruginosa/ PP inhibition/ hepatotoxicity/ in vivo.
2338.   Runnegar, M. T. C.; Kong, S-M.; Zhong, Y-Z.; Ge, J. L.; and Lu, S. C.  (1994).   The role of glutathione in the toxicity of a novel cyanobacterial alkaloid cylindrospermopsin in cultured rat hepatocytes.   Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 201(1):235-241.  Keywords:  glutathione/ toxicity/ cylindrospermopsin/ rat hepatocytes.
2339.   Runnegar, M. T. C.; Kong, S-M.; Zhong, Y-Z; and Lu, S. C.  (1995).   Inhibition of reduced glutathione synthesis by cyanobacterial alkaloid cylindrospermopsin in cultured rat hepatocytes.   Biochem. Pharmacol. 49(2):219-225.  Keywords:  cylindrospermopsin/ GSH synthesis/ cyanobacterial toxin/ rat/ hepatocytes.
2340.   Runnegar, M. T. C.; Kuhlenkamp, J.; and Hamm-Alvarez, S.  (2001).   Microcystin and motor function.   Toxicology 164(1-3 Suppl.):177.  Keywords:  microcystin/ motor function.
2341.   Runnegar, M. T. C.; Maddatu, T.; Deleve, L. D.; Berndt, N.; and Govindarajan, S.  (1995).   Differential toxicity of the protein phosphatase inhibitors microcystin and calyculin A.   J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut. 273(1):545-553.  Keywords:  microcystin/ toxicity/ calyculin A.
2342.   Runnegar, M. T. C.; Seward, D. J.; Ballatori, N.; Crawford, J. M.; and Boyer, J. L.  (1999).   Hepatic toxicity and persistence of SER/THR protein phosphatase inhibition by microcystin in the Little Skate Raja erinacea.   Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 161(1):40-49.  Keywords:  microcystin/ Raja erinacea/ protein phosphatase inhibition/ hepatotoxicity/ liver transport/ marine vertebrate.
2343.   Runnegar, M. T. C.; Xie, C. Y.; Snider, B. B.; Wallace, G. A.; Weinreb, S. M.; and Kuhlenkamp, J.  (2002).   In vitro hepatotoxicity of the cyanobacterial alkaloid cylindrospermopsin and related synthetic analogues.   Toxicol. Sci. 67(1):81-87.  Keywords:  cylindrospermopsin/ GSH synthesis inhibition/ hepatocyte toxicity/ protein synthesis inhibition/ toxic cyanobacteria.

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